scholarly journals Cognitive Modeling of Task Switching in Discretionary Multitasking Based on the ACT-R Cognitive Architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3967
Author(s):  
Hyungseok Oh ◽  
Yongdeok Yun ◽  
Rohae Myung
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Insight Into

Discretionary multitasking has emerged as a prevalent and important domain in research on human–computer interaction. Studies on modeling based on cognitive architectures such as ACT-R to gain insight into and predict human behavior in multitasking are critically important. However, studies on ACT-R modeling have mainly focused on concurrent and sequential multitasking, including scheduled task switching. Therefore, in this study, an ACT-R cognitive model of task switching in discretionary multitasking was developed to provide an integrated account of when and how humans decide on switching tasks. Our model contains a symbolic structure and subsymbolic equations that represent the cognitive process of task switching as self-interruption by the imposed demands and a decision to switch. To validate our model, it was applied to an illustrative dual task, including a memory game and a subitizing task, and the results were compared with human data. The results demonstrate that our model can provide a relatively accurate representation, in terms of task-switching percent just after the subtask, the number of task-switching during the subtask, and performance time depending on the task difficulty level; it exhibits enhanced performance in predicting human behavior in multitasking and demonstrates how ACT-R facilitates accounts of voluntary task switching.

Cognitive architectures and language acquisition: A case study in pronoun comprehension

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACOLIEN VAN RIJ ◽  
HEDDERIK VAN RIJN ◽  
PETRA HENDRIKS
Keyword(s):  
Speech Rate ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
Linguistic Performance ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACTIn this paper we discuss a computational cognitive model of children's poor performance on pronoun interpretation (the so-called Delay of Principle B Effect, or DPBE). This cognitive model is based on a theoretical account that attributes the DPBE to children's inability as hearers to also take into account the speaker's perspective. The cognitive model predicts that child hearers are unable to do so because their speed of linguistic processing is too limited to perform this second step in interpretation. We tested this hypothesis empirically in a psycholinguistic study, in which we slowed down the speech rate to give children more time for interpretation, and in a computational simulation study. The results of the two studies confirm the predictions of our model. Moreover, these studies show that embedding a theory of linguistic competence in a cognitive architecture allows for the generation of detailed and testable predictions with respect to linguistic performance.

Task-Switching Training and Transfer

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsófia Anna Gaál ◽  
István Czigler
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Far Transfer ◽  
Near Transfer ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Transfer Tasks

Abstract. We used task-switching (TS) paradigms to study how cognitive training can compensate age-related cognitive decline. Thirty-nine young (age span: 18–25 years) and 40 older (age span: 60–75 years) women were assigned to training and control groups. The training group received 8 one-hour long cognitive training sessions in which the difficulty level of TS was individually adjusted. The other half of the sample did not receive any intervention. The reference task was an informatively cued TS paradigm with nogo stimuli. Performance was measured on reference, near-transfer, and far-transfer tasks by behavioral indicators and event-related potentials (ERPs) before training, 1 month after pretraining, and in case of older adults, 1 year later. The results showed that young adults had better pretraining performance. The reference task was too difficult for older adults to form appropriate representations as indicated by the behavioral data and the lack of P3b components. But after training older adults reached the level of performance of young participants, and accordingly, P3b emerged after both the cue and the target. Training gain was observed also in near-transfer tasks, and partly in far-transfer tasks; working memory and executive functions did not improve, but we found improvement in alerting and orienting networks, and in the execution of variants of TS paradigms. Behavioral and ERP changes remained preserved even after 1 year. These findings suggest that with an appropriate training procedure older adults can reach the level of performance seen in young adults and these changes persist for a long period. The training also affects the unpracticed tasks, but the transfer depends on the extent of task similarities.

An insight into the effect of calcination conditions on catalytic cracking of toluene over 3Fe8Ni/palygorskite: Catalysts characterization and performance

Fuel ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuehua Zou ◽  
Tianhu Chen ◽  
Haibo Liu ◽  
Ping Zhang ◽  
Zhiyuan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Address of the President Sir Henry Dale, C.B.E., at the Anniversary Meeting, 1 December 1941

1942 ◽  
Vol 179 (978) ◽  
pp. 233-260 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Technical College ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pure Mathematics ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

This is the first occasion on which I have had the great honour of addressing the Royal Society on this anniversary of its foundation. According to custom, I begin with brief mention of those whom death has taken from our Fellowship during the past year, and whose memories we honour. Alfred Young (1873-1940), distinguished for his contributions to pure mathematics, was half brother to another of our Fellows, Sydney Young, a chemist of eminence. Alfred Young had an insight into the symbolic structure and manipulation of algebra, which gave him a special place among his mathematical contemporaries. After a successful career at Cambridge he entered the Church, and passed his later years in the country rectory of Birdbrook, Essex. His devotion to mathematics continued, however, throughout his life, and he published a steady stream of work in the branch of algebra which he had invented, and named ‘quantitative substitutional analysis’. He lived to see his methods adopted by Weyl in his quantum mechanics and spectroscopy. He was elected to our Fellowship in 1934. With the death of Miles Walker (1868-1941) the Society loses a pioneer in large-scale electrical engineering. Walker was a man of wide interests. He was trained first for the law, and even followed its practice for a period. Later he studied electrical engineering under Sylvanus Thompson at the Finsbury Technical College and became his assistant for several years. Thereafter, encouraged by Thompson, he entered St John’s College, Cambridge, with a scholarship, and graduated with 1st Class Honours in both the Natural Sciences and the Engineering Tripos. Having entered the service of the British Westinghouse Company, he was sent by them to the United States of America to study electrical engineering with the parent company in Pittsburgh. On his return to England he became their leading designer of high-speed electrical generators

scholarly journals Theoretical justification of pedagogical situations cognitive modeling

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-247
Author(s):  
Alsu Raufovna Kamaleeva ◽  
Svetlana Yurevna Gruzkova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Major Factors

The following paper deals with the application of methodology of pedagogical situations cognitive modeling, which is considered by the authors as a process consisting of six consecutive and interconnected stages. The first stage is a formulation of the purpose and the corresponding tasks. The second stage provides collecting, systematization and analysis of a pedagogical situation with the subsequent allocation of the major factors influencing development of the situation and determination of interrelation between them, i.e. creation of a cognitive map. At the third stage a focused count is created as a result of accounting of the cause and effect chains reflecting the system of interaction between the educational process subjects and allowing to form a pedagogical theory on the basis of basic person study categories: consciousness, thinking, knowledge, understanding, etc. The fourth stage assumes combination of the cognitive map and the focused count in a uniform cognitive model of the studied pedagogical situation. The fifth stage is focused on a real pedagogical situation cognitive model adequacy check i.e. on its verification. The last sixth stage allows to define possible options of a pedagogical situation development by a cognitive model, to find ways and mechanisms of a situation impact.

scholarly journals All models are wrong, some are useful, but are they reproducible? Commentary on Lee et al. (2019)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael David Wilson ◽  
Russell Boag ◽  
Luke Joseph Gough Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Reproducible Research ◽  
Minimum Information ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Bare Minimum ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Lee et al. (2019) make several practical recommendations for replicable and useful cognitive modeling. They also point out that the ultimate test of the usefulness of a cognitive model is its ability to solve practical problems. Solution-oriented modeling requires engaging practitioners who understand the relevant applied domain but may lack extensive modeling expertise. In this commentary, we argue that for cognitive modeling to reach practitioners there is a pressing need to move beyond providing the bare minimum information required for reproducibility, and instead aim for an improved standard of transparency and reproducibility in cognitive modeling research. We discuss several mechanisms by which reproducible research can foster engagement with applied practitioners. Notably, reproducible materials provide a starting point for practitioners to experiment with cognitive models and evaluate whether they are suitable for their domain of expertise. This is essential because solving complex problems requires exploring a range of modeling approaches, and there may not be time to implement each possible approach from the ground up. Several specific recommendations for best practice are provided, including the application of containerization technologies. We also note the broader benefits of adopting gold standard reproducible practices within the field.

scholarly journals Cognitive Regionology: The Experience of Modeling Regional Socio-Economic Processes

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-489
Author(s):  
Igor V. Arzhenovskiy ◽  
Andrey V. Dakhin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Remote Access ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Static And Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Modeling Technology ◽  
Regional Universities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Framework Conditions

Introduction. In the current situation, the society is subject to extremely dynamic changes and strategic developments are becoming obsolete more rapidly. It is cognitive modeling of complex semi-structured systems that is one of the modern methods that presents technological solutions in response to the challenge of obsolescence of strategies. The practice of strategizing Russia’s regions makes it possible to single out the regional dimension as a self-sufficient subject of cognitive modeling. The objective of the article is to summarize many years of experience of applying the method of cognitive modeling of regional socio-economic processes and the application of the obtained models in educational, scientific and administrative activities of the region on the basis of the study conducted. Materials and Methods. The database of Analytic software application was used as the information resource. Cognitive modeling was the main method employed and was considered in more detail; statistical methods, comparative analysis, and an expert survey were also used. Results. Specific examples of research conducted in the Nizhny Novgorod Region, the Samara Region, and the Republic of Mordovia have shown the advantages of using cognitive modeling technology in the educational, scientific, and administrative activities in a region. The factor-digital cognitive model of a region becomes the basis for organizing trainings on the strategy of sustainable development at the regional and interregional levels. Analytic software application supports the research process and is integrated into the electronic information and educational environment of regional universities. Discussion and Conclusion. The cognitive modeling method makes it possible to solve the problems of static and dynamic analysis of a region as a complex system in various subject areas. The factor-digital models of regions obtained using Analytic software application are of a universal nature and are relatively easily modified under the framework conditions of any other region of Russia on remote access platforms.

scholarly journals Elucidation and refinement of synthetic receptor mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailey I. Edelstein ◽  
Patrick S. Donahue ◽  
Joseph J. Muldoon ◽  
Anthony K. Kang ◽  
Taylor B. Dolberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Therapeutic Gene ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Synthetic Receptor ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTSynthetic receptors are powerful tools for engineering mammalian cell-based devices. These biosensors enable cell-based therapies to perform complex tasks such as regulating therapeutic gene expression in response to sensing physiological cues. Although multiple synthetic receptor systems now exist, many aspects of receptor performance are poorly understood. In general, it would be useful to understand how receptor design choices influence performance characteristics. In this study, we examined the modular extracellular sensor architecture (MESA) and systematically evaluated previously unexamined design choices, yielding substantially improved receptors. A key finding that might extend to other receptor systems is that the choice of transmembrane domain (TMD) is important for generating high-performing receptors. To provide mechanistic insights, we adopted and employed a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay to elucidate how TMDs affect receptor complex formation and connected these observations to functional performance. To build further insight into these phenomena, we developed a library of new MESA receptors that sense an expanded set of ligands. Based upon these explorations, we conclude that TMDs affect signaling primarily by modulating intracellular domain geometry. Finally, to guide the design of future receptors, we propose general principles for linking design choices to biophysical mechanisms and performance characteristics.

The Oxford Handbook of Time in Music

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Musical Work ◽  
Musical Practice ◽  
Musical Time ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Nature Of Time ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Profound Insight

As the art that calls most attention to temporality, music provides us with profound insight into the nature of time, and time equally offers us one of the richest lenses through which to interrogate musical practice and thought. In this volume, musical time, arrayed across a spectrum of genres and performance/compositional contexts is explored from a multiplicity of perspectives. The contributions to the volume all register the centrality of time to our understanding of music and music-making and offer perspectives on time in music, particularly though not exclusively attending to contemporary forms of musical work. In sharing insights drawn from philosophy, music theory, ethnomusicology, psychology of performance and cultural studies, the book articulates a range of understandings on the metrics, politics and socialities woven into musical time.

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