scholarly journals Measurements of the Magnetic Field Variations Related with the Size of V-Shaped Notches in Steel Pipes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3940
Author(s):  
J. Jesús Villegas-Saucillo ◽  
José Javier Díaz-Carmona ◽  
Marco A. Escarola-Rosas ◽  
Héctor Vázquez-Leal ◽  
Jaime Martínez-Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Special Treatment ◽  
Magnetic Memory ◽  
Industrial Accidents ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Magnetoresistive Sensor ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
A36 Steel ◽  
Periodic Inspections

Gas and oil pipeline networks require periodic inspections to detect cracks or notches that can cause industrial accidents and environmental contamination. For these inspections, the metal magnetic memory (MMM) method could be used as a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique, which does not need expensive equipment and high-skilled operators. However, more investigations are required to quantify the size and shape of defects in ferromagnetic pipes using the MMM signals. We present experimental measurements of MMM signals around five small V-shaped notches of an ASTM-A36 steel pipe using a three-axis magnetoresistive sensor. The V-shaped notches have different values of depth (500 µm, 1000 µm, 1500 µm, 2000 µm and 2500 µm) and width (1000 µm, 1500 µm, 2000 µm, 3000 µm and 3500 µm). We measured the variations of tangential and normal MMM signals around these defects and their relationships with the size of each defect. The first V-notch defect (500 μm depth and 1000 μm width) registers variations of the tangential and normal MMM signals of 14.32 μT ± 1.62 μT and 27.95 μT ± 1.14 μT, respectively. On the other hand, the fifth V-notch defect (2500 μm depth and 3500 μm width) has variations of the tangential and normal MMM signals of 68.75 μT ± 1.10 μT and 71.37 μT ± 0.72 μT, respectively. The MMM method could be used for real-time monitoring of V-shaped notches in steel pipes. This method does not require special treatment of steel pipes.

INSPECTION BY ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY (UT) LEADING TREND IN WELDING JOINT MONITORING

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Amizan Abd. Rahman ◽  
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Nor Muzakkir Nor Ayob ◽  
Jaysuman Pusppanathan ◽  
Fazlul Rahman Mohd Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Imaging Result ◽  
Welding Steel ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Non Destructive

Welding work is a connection process between the structure and the materials. This process is used in the construction, maintenance and repair especially mechanical engineering. This study discusses the type of welding used in the industry, mainly involving the pipeline welds. On-demand need to every work process when finishing weld requires quality tests to ensure compliance to the standards required. Monitoring through the display image has long been used in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). Various methods of monitoring used in NDT focused on Ultrasonic Tomography (UT) as a method used in NDT and as an option for the future. Previous imaging result was in two-dimensional (2D) and then upgraded to a three-dimensional image (3D). Besides, there is potential of 3D imaging beyond the existing limits in terms of size, material thickness, especially for welding steel pipes. Achievement through research of existing pipe size so far outside diameter of 200 mm and a thickness of 5.8 mm should be limited in view of the obstacles to enhanced image resolution is less effective when compared to other tomography methods.

New Environmentally Friendly Solutions to Prevent Oil Pipelines Disasters

2015 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 334-344
Author(s):  
Michał Bardadyn ◽  
Marcelo Paredes ◽  
Mateusz Wrobel ◽  
Krystian Paradowski ◽  
Andrzej Zagórski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
Oil Pipelines ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
Non Destructive

In this paper a newly environmental friendly Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) method for underground oil and gas pipeline networks is proposed. A suitable equipment extracts small samples of material from installed buried pipes for mechanical testing. Numerical calculations using Finite Element Analysis (FEM) proves that decreasing wall-thickness pipes is safe for in-field operating conditions. Nevertheless, those locations from where samples are cut should be monitored. For instance by means of Acoustic Testing (AT) system. New way of placing sensors is proposed. Sensors are introduced inside the pipe so that any acoustic wave changes from surrounding medium can be measured. In this type of AT a straightforward procedure must be followed to install sensors on pipe. Therefore, there is no need to uncover tested areas with qualified personnel. The research showed that the signals recorded from internal sensors are comparable to those results extracted from external ones. The study also revealed lower vulnerability to acoustic interference of the sensor placed inside the pipeline.

A Review of the Metal Magnetic Memory Technique

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Bao ◽  
Meili Fu ◽  
Shengnan Hu ◽  
Yibin Gu ◽  
Huangjie Lou
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Magnetic Memory ◽  
Metal Magnetic Memory ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Early Failure ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Non Destructive

Metal magnetic memory (MMM) is a newly developed non-destructive testing (NDT) technique. It has potentials to detect early failure, such as stress concentration, micro-crack and fatigue damage of ferromagnetic components. This paper outlines the recent developments of the mechanism studies on the MMM technique. Several advances in experimental investigations on the MMM technique are also summarized, e.g. the factors which can influence the detection signals, the criteria for judging the damage state and the magnetic parameters which can be used to assess the testing results. Finally, some future development trends about this technique are suggested.

Quantitative research of defects for pipelines based on metal magnetic memory testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 292-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Jianchun Fan ◽  
Xiangyuan Liu ◽  
Shujie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Magnetic Memory ◽  
Metal Magnetic Memory ◽  
Magnetic Signal ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Defect Profile ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

Pipelines are widely used in the oil & gas industry but defects seriously affect their safe operation. Therefore, it is necessary to perform non-destructive testing (NDT) to quantify the defects. In this study, a magnetic dipole model was established to characterise the defects and magnetic flux leakage (MFL) of defects was simulated using the finite element method (FEM) to reveal the spatial distribution of the magnetic vector. Magnetic signals were measured using a tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensor array and the results showed that defects with different sizes could be quantified using the metal magnetic memory (MMM) method. Three-dimensional distribution of the magnetic signal and its gradient reflected the defect profile well and the gradient of the magnetic signal was found to reduce the effect of non-uniform magnetisation. Furthermore, experimental results were verified by comparison with the simulation results and the comparison results showed a consistent variation trend. Quantitative analysis was conducted and the characteristic parameters of the gradients could be used to quantify the defects.

Non-Contact Measurement of Residual Magnetization Caused by Plastic Deformation of Steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aroba Saleem ◽  
P. Ross Underhill ◽  
Thomas W. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Magnetic Measurements ◽  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
Residual Magnetization ◽  
Magnetic Memory ◽  
Buried Pipe ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Primary Means

Abstract Pipelines are the primary means of land transportation of oil and gas globally, and pipeline integrity is, therefore, of high importance. Failures in pipelines may occur due to internal and external stresses that produce stress concentration zones, which may cause failure by stress corrosion cracking. Early detection of stress concentration zones could facilitate the identification of potential failure sites. Conventional non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, such as magnetic flux leakage, have been used to detect defects in pipelines; however, these methods cannot be effectively used to detect zones of stress concentration. In addition, these methods require direct contact, with access to the buried pipe. Metal magnetic memory (MMM) is an emerging technology, which has the potential to characterize the stress state of underground pipelines from above ground. The present paper describes magnetic measurements performed on steel components, such as bars and tubes, which have undergone changing stress conditions. It was observed that plastic deformation resulted in the modification of measured residual magnetization in steels. In addition, an exponential decrease in signal with the distance of the sensor from the sample was observed. Results are attributed to changes in the local magnetic domain structure in the presence of stress but in the absence of an applied field.

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