scholarly journals Polyisocyanurate Foam Pyrolysis and Flame Spread Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3463
Author(s):  
Dushyant M. Chaudhari ◽  
Stanislav I. Stoliarov ◽  
Mark W. Beach ◽  
Kali A. Suryadevara
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimetry ◽  
Full Scale Tests

Polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam is a robust thermal insulation material utilized widely in the modern construction. In this work, the flammability of one representative example of this material was studied systematically using experiments and modeling. The thermal decomposition of this material was analyzed through thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and microscale combustion calorimetry. The thermal transport properties of the pyrolyzing foam were evaluated using Controlled Atmosphere Pyrolysis Apparatus II experiments. Cone calorimetry tests were also carried out on the foam samples to quantify the contribution of the blowing agent (contained within the foam) to its flammability, which was found to be significant. A complete pyrolysis property set was developed and was shown to accurately predict the results of all aforementioned measurements. The foam was also subjected to full-scale flame spread tests, similar to the Single Burning Item test. A previously developed modeling approach based on a coupling between detailed pyrolysis simulations and a spatially-resolved relationship between the total heat release rate and heat feedback from the flame, derived from the experiments on a different material in the same experimental setup, was found to successfully predict the evolution of the heat release rate measured in the full-scale tests on the PIR foam.

Fire performance of continuous glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composites: The effect of fibre architecture on the fire properties of polycarbonate composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1705-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousof M Ghazzawi ◽  
Andres F Osorio ◽  
Michael T Heitzmann
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fibre Reinforcement ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Fire Properties

The fire performance of polycarbonate resin and the role of glass fibre reinforcement in altering the fire performance was investigated. Three different fibre weaves with comparable surface density, plain, twill, and unidirectional glass fabrics, were used as reinforcements. E-glass fabrics were solution-impregnated with polycarbonate/dichloromethyl, laid up, and compression-moulded to consolidate the glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composite. Cone calorimetry tests with an incident radiant flux of 35 kW/m2 were used to investigate the fire properties of polycarbonate resin and its composites. Results showed that glass fibre reinforcement improves polycarbonate performance by delaying its ignition, decreasing its heat release rate, and lowering the mass loss rate. The three fibre weave types exhibited similar time to ignition. However, unidirectional fibre had a 35% lower peak heat release rate followed when compared to plain and twill weave fibres.

Synthesis of a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Yang ◽  
Yefa Hu ◽  
Qiaoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

In this article, a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant (DOPO-T) was successfully synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and cyanuric chloride. The chemical structure of DOPO-T was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and phosphorous-31 NMR, and elemental analysis. DOPO-T was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins. Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of the cured epoxy resins were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that the glass transition temperature ( Tg) and temperature at 5% weight loss of epoxy resin (EP)/DOPO-T thermosets were gradually decreased with the increasing content of DOPO-T. DOPO-T catalyzed the decomposition of EP matrix in advance. The flame-retardant performance of EP thermosets was significantly enhanced with the addition of DOPO-T. EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample had an LOI value of 36.2% and achieved UL94 V-1 rating. In addition, the average of heat release rate, peak of heat release rate, average of effective heat of combustion, and total heat release (THR) of EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample were decreased by 32%, 48%, 23%, and 31%, respectively, compared with the neat EP sample. Impressively, EP/DOPO-T thermosets acquired excellent flame retardancy under low loading of flame retardant.

Flammability testing of wool/cellulosic and wool/synthetic fiber blends: Vertical flame spread and heat release results

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 522-551
Author(s):  
Alexander B Morgan ◽  
Mary L Galaska
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Lower Heat ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimetry ◽  
Combustion Calorimeter

Wool is a natural fiber with lower heat release/flammability than some synthetic fabrics, but it has not been well studied for its heat release when other fibers such as cotton, linen, and nylon are present in the woven fabric. In this article, the heat release and vertical flame spread of six commercially available natural color fabrics is reported. This includes 100% wool, 80% wool/20% nylon, 70% wool/30% linen, 45% wool/55% cotton, and 40% wool/38% cotton/12% nylon/10% metallic thread fabric. Heat release was measured through cone calorimetry (ASTM E1354) as a function of the sample mounting method, through microscale combustion calorimetry (ASTM D7309), and flame spread was measured by ASTM D6413. The type of insulated backing used greatly affected the cone calorimeter results, and fabric types did show some effects in vertical flame spread and microscale combustion calorimeter testing.

Experimental Study on Effect of Ceiling on Upward Flame Spread over Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Sheets

2016 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Peng ◽  
Li Zhong Yang ◽  
Xiao Dong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Sample Length ◽  
Upward Flame Spread ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Sample Width

A series of experiments was designed to investigate the effects of ceiling on upward flame spread. The result reveals that the ceiling accelerates the burning rate of upward flame under certain situations. And the acceleration is slightly increase with the increasing sample length, but almost keeps the same with different sample width. The heat release rate per unit area nearly keeps the same for the series work with ceiling or the series work without ceiling. But the heat release rate per unit area between the two series is obvious, the heat release rate per unit area with ceiling is much higher than the ones without ceiling.

The influence of various/different ratios synthetic fiber mixture on the mechanical, thermal, morphological and flammability properties of poly (lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832096353
Author(s):  
Seda Hazer ◽  
Ayse Aytac
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Polycarbonate (PC) blend has gained much attention as a bio-based polymeric material in various industrial fields. This study aims to improve the properties of PLA/PC blend reinforced with glass fiber (GF) and carbon fiber (CF) mixture to be produced for industrial use. For this purpose, 50PLA/50PC blend was prepared and used as a control sample. Then, 30% by weight CF and 30% GF were added to the matrix separately. To examine the effect of the use of CF and GF together, the composites were prepared as a mixture form of fibers by adding 5-10-15% CF and 5-10-15% GF, respectively, to the control blend in pairs. All composites compounded with the laboratory-scale twin-screw mini extruder and molded by injection molding. The effects of using synthetic fiber mixture were evaluated in terms of the mechanical, thermal and flammability properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), heat release rate (HRR) test were carried for the characterization of composites. The highest tensile strength values ​​and maximum % crystallinity values were obtained for the 15CF/15GF fiber mixture containing PLA/PC composite as 113.7 MPa and 21.4, respectively. CO yield (COY), HRR, and total heat release rate were reduced significantly by using synthetic fibers and fiber mixture.

scholarly journals Estimation of heat release rate for polymer–filler composites by cone calorimetry

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xuyun Wang ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
A Richard Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polymer Filler

scholarly journals Flame Spread Monitoring and Estimation of the Heat Release Rate from a Cable Tray Fire Using Video Fire Analysis (VFA)

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Beji ◽  
Steven Verstockt ◽  
Pascal Zavaleta ◽  
Bart Merci
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Tray Fire

A Weakly Nonlinear Approach Based on a Distributed Flame Describing Function to Study the Combustion Dynamics of a Full-Scale Lean-Premixed Swirled Burner

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Laera ◽  
Sergio M. Camporeale
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Limit Cycle ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Describing Function ◽  
Weakly Nonlinear ◽  
Lean Premixed ◽  
Flame Describing Function

Modern combustion chambers of gas turbines for power generation and aero-engines suffer of thermo-acoustic combustion instabilities generated by the coupling of heat release rate fluctuations with pressure oscillations. The present article reports a numerical analysis of limit cycles arising in a longitudinal combustor. This corresponds to experiments carried out on the longitudinal rig for instability analysis (LRIA) test facility equipped with a full-scale lean-premixed burner. Heat release rate fluctuations are modeled considering a distributed flame describing function (DFDF), since the flame under analysis is not compact with respect to the wavelengths of the unstable modes recorded experimentally. For each point of the flame, a saturation model is assumed for the gain and the phase of the DFDF with increasing amplitude of velocity fluctuations. A weakly nonlinear stability analysis is performed by combining the DFDF with a Helmholtz solver to determine the limit cycle condition. The numerical approach is used to study two configurations of the rig characterized by different lengths of the combustion chamber. In each configuration, a good match has been found between numerical predictions and experiments in terms of frequency and wave shape of the unstable mode. Time-resolved pressure fluctuations in the system plenum and chamber are reconstructed and compared with measurements. A suitable estimate of the limit cycle oscillation is found.

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