scholarly journals More than XRF Mapping: STEAM (Statistically Tailored Elemental Angle Mapper) a Pioneering Analysis Protocol for Pigment Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1446
Author(s):  
Jacopo Orsilli ◽  
Anna Galli ◽  
Letizia Bonizzoni ◽  
Michele Caccia
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Spectral Angle Mapper ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescence Radiation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Analysis Protocol

Among the possible variants of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), applications exploiting scanning Macro-XRF (MA-XRF) are lately widespread as they allow the visualization of the element distribution maintaining a non-destructive approach. The surface is scanned with a focused or collimated X-ray beam of millimeters or less: analyzing the emitted fluorescence radiation, also elements present below the surface contribute to the elemental distribution image obtained, due to the penetrative nature of X-rays. The importance of this method in the investigation of historical paintings is so obvious—as the elemental distribution obtained can reveal hidden sub-surface layers, including changes made by the artist, or restorations, without any damage to the object—that recently specific international conferences have been held. The present paper summarizes the advantages and limitations of using MA-XRF considering it as an imaging technique, in synergy with other hyperspectral methods, or combining it with spot investigations. The most recent applications in the cultural Heritage field are taken into account, demonstrating how obtained 2D-XRF maps can be of great help in the diagnostic applied on Cultural Heritage materials. Moreover, a pioneering analysis protocol based on the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm is presented, unifying the MA-XRF standard approach with punctual XRF, exploiting information from the mapped area as a database to extend the comprehension to data outside the scanned region, and working independently from the acquisition set-up. Experimental application on some reference pigment layers and a painting by Giotto are presented as validation of the proposed method.

Engineering Applications of Synchrotron X-Rays and Neutrons and the FaME38 Project

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Webster ◽  
Z. Chen ◽  
D. J. Hughes ◽  
A. Steuwer ◽  
B. Malard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
Stress Fields ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Materials Engineering ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Non Destructive

Large Central Scientific Facilities such as the ESRF (the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility) and ILL (the European centre for neutron research), were set up to provide scientists with the advanced facilities they need to exploit neutron and synchrotron X-ray beams for scientific research. Engineers also conduct research at these Facilities, but this is less common as most practicing engineers generally have little or no knowledge of neutron or X-ray scattering, or of their considerable potential for engineering research, model validation, material development and for fatigue and failure analysis. FaME38 is the new joint support Facility for Materials Engineering, located at ILL-ESRF, set up to encourage and to facilitate engineering research by engineers at these facilities. It provides a technical and knowledge centre, a materials support laboratory, and the additional equipment and resources that academic and industrial engineers need for materials engineering research to become practicable, efficient and routine. It enables engineers to add the most advanced scientific diffraction and imaging facilities to their portfolio of diagnostic tools. These include non-destructive internal and through-surface strain scanning, phase analysis, radiography and tomography of engineering components. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction strain mapping is particularly suited for the rigorous experimental, non-destructive, validation of Finite Element and other computer model codes used to predict residual stress fields that are critical to the performance and lifetimes of engineering components. This paper discusses the FaME38 facility and demonstrates its utility in gaining fundamental insight into mechanical engineering problems through examples, including studies of railway rails, welds and peened surfaces that demonstrate the potential of neutron of synchrotron X-ray strain scanning for the determination of residual stress fields in a variety of engineering materials and critical components.

X-Ray absorption edge elemental imaging of B. thuringienis

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 212-213
Author(s):  
R. L. Stears
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Edge ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Differential Absorption ◽  
Synchrotron Source ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Imaging ◽  
Cellular Integrity ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Because of the nature of the bacterial endospore, little work has been done on analyzing their elemental distribution and composition in the intact, living, hydrated state. The majority of the qualitative analysis entailed intensive disruption and processing of the endospores, which effects their cellular integrity and composition.Absorption edge imaging permits elemental analysis of hydrated, unstained specimens at high resolution. By taking advantage of differential absorption of x-ray photons in regions of varying elemental composition, and using a high brightness, tuneable synchrotron source to obtain monochromatic x-rays, contact x-ray micrographs can be made of unfixed, intact endospores that reveal sites of elemental localization. This study presents new data demonstrating the application of x-ray absorption edge imaging to produce elemental information about nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) localization using Bacillus thuringiensis as the test specimen.

X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY STUDIES OF PREHISTORIC CERAMIC ARTIFACTS

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 1460135
Author(s):  
CARMEN PAVEL ◽  
FLORIN CONSTANTIN ◽  
COSMIN IOAN SUCIU ◽  
ROXANA BUGOI
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Visual Examination ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Internal Configuration ◽  
Non Destructive

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is a powerful non-destructive technique that can yield interesting structural information not discernible through visual examination only. This paper presents the results of the CT scans of four objects belonging to the Romanian cultural heritage attributed to the Vinča, Cucuteni and Cruceni-Belegiš cultures. The study was performed with an X-ray tomographic device developed at the Department for Applied Nuclear Physics from Horia Hulubei National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Engineering in Măgurele, Romania. This apparatus was specially designed for archaeometric studies of low-Z artifacts: ceramic, wood, bone. The tomographic investigations revealed the internal configuration of the objects and provided information about the degree to which the previous manipulations affected the archaeological items. Based on the X-ray images resulting from the CT scans, hints about the techniques used in the manufacturing of the artifacts were obtained, as well as some indications useful for conservation/restoration purposes.

Comparison of Mo-10Nb Alloy Target Materials Prepared by Different Techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 726 ◽  
pp. 316-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
You Jun Lu ◽  
Jun Feng Hou ◽  
Zhen Xia Yuan ◽  
Wen Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alloy Target ◽  
Hot Pressing Sintering ◽  
Sintering Condition ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Mo powder and Nb powder was used as raw material, the Mo-10Nb alloy target was prepared by different sintering condition (non-pressure sintering and hot pressing sintering). The density, phase composition, microstructure and elemental distribution of Mo-10Nb alloy targets were determined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that prepared by hot pressing Mo-10Nb alloy target density of 9.618 g/cm3, grain size 20 ~ 30μm, Mo and Nb element distribution.

scholarly journals Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) of brachiopod shell interiors for taxonomy: Preliminary report

2010 ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Motchurova-Dekova ◽  
David Harper
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Efficient Alternative ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Light Beams ◽  
Non Destructive

Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) is a non-destructive technique for the investigation and visualization of the internal features of solid opaque objects, which allows reconstruction of a complete three-dimensional image of internal structures by recording of the differences in the effects on the passage of waves of energy reacting with those structures. Contrary to X-rays, produced in a conventional X-ray tube, the intense synchrotron light beams are sharply focused like a laser beam. We report encouraging results from the use of SRXTM for purely taxonomic purposes in brachiopods: an attempt to find a non-destructive and more efficient alternative to serial sectioning and several other methods of dissection together with the non-destructive method of X-ray computerised micro-tomography. Two brachiopod samples were investigated using SRXTM. In ?Rhynchonella? flustracea it was possible to visualise the 3D shape of the crura and dental plates. In Terebratulina imbricata it was possible to reveal the form of the brachidium. It is encouraging that we have obtained such promising results using SRXTM with our very first two fortuitous samples, which had respectively fine-grained limestone and marl as infilling sediment, in contrast to the discouraging results communicated to us by some colleagues who have tested specimens with such infillings using X-ray micro-tomography. In future the holotypes, rare museum specimens or delicate Recent material may be preferentially subjected to this mode of analysis.

scholarly journals Nanofocusing Optics for an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Generating an Extreme Intensity of 100 EW/cm2 Using Total Reflection Mirrors

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2611
Author(s):  
Hirokatsu Yumoto ◽  
Yuichi Inubushi ◽  
Taito Osaka ◽  
Ichiro Inoue ◽  
Takahisa Koyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photon Energy ◽  
Pulse Energy ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Focused Beam

A nanofocusing optical system—referred to as 100 exa—for an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) was developed to generate an extremely high intensity of 100 EW/cm2 (1020 W/cm2) using total reflection mirrors. The system is based on Kirkpatrick-Baez geometry, with 250-mm-long elliptically figured mirrors optimized for the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free-Electron Laser (SACLA) XFEL facility. The nano-precision surface employed is coated with rhodium and offers a high reflectivity of 80%, with a photon energy of up to 12 keV, under total reflection conditions. Incident X-rays on the optics are reflected with a large spatial acceptance of over 900 μm. The focused beam is 210 nm × 120 nm (full width at half maximum) and was evaluated at a photon energy of 10 keV. The optics developed for 100 exa efficiently achieved an intensity of 1 × 1020 W/cm2 with a pulse duration of 7 fs and a pulse energy of 150 μJ (25% of the pulse energy generated at the light source). The experimental chamber, which can provide different stage arrangements and sample conditions, including vacuum environments and atmospheric-pressure helium, was set up with the focusing optics to meet the experimental requirements.

Rapid Photon-Excited Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Solid and Liquid Mineralogical Samples

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ratyński ◽  
J. Parus ◽  
J. Tys ◽  
A. Ciszek
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Semiconductor Detectors ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Important Benefit ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
On Line ◽  
Set Up

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is new becoming a tool in research and. industry. Semiconductor detectors are proving valuable in measuring fluorescent X rays, and so are providing a versatile tool for rapid multielement analysis of many types of samples. This paper will mainly be concerned with, different types of copper ore. An experimental setup has been designed to determine Cu, Fe and Pb of concentration ranging from 0.1 to 20, to 5, and to 4 percent, respectively, with analytical precision of 20% relative at 0.1% Cu, and 3% relative at 20% Cu. For excitation a 100 mCi Pu-238 source and/or a low power air-cooled X-ray tube were used. Data acquisition and “on-line” evaluation for each sample takes about 100 seconds. Electronics blocks and sub-systems used In the set-up are available commercially. The most important benefit to be obtained from the setup is the ability to provide precise, reproducible determinations of large numbers of samples day after day.

First results from the XMCD facility at the Energy-Dispersive EXAFS beamline of the Indus-2 synchrotron source

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-449
Author(s):  
N. Patra ◽  
U. G. P. S. Sachan ◽  
S. SundarRajan ◽  
Sanjay Malhotra ◽  
Vijay Harad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Circular Dichroism ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Synchrotron Source ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synchrotron Beam ◽  
First Results ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Good Agreement

Setting up of the X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) measurement facility with hard X-rays at the Energy-Dispersive EXAFS beamline (BL-08) at the Indus-2 synchrotron source is reported. This includes the design and development of a water-cooled electromagnet having a highest magnetic field of 2 T in a good field volume of 125 mm3 and having a 10 mm hole throughout for passage of the synchrotron beam. This also includes the development of an (X–Z–θ) motion stage for the heavy electromagnet for aligning its axis and the beam hole along the synchrotron beam direction. Along with the above developments, also reported is the first XMCD signal measured on a thick Gd film in the above set-up which shows good agreement with the reported results. This is the first facility to carry out XMCD measurement with hard X-rays in India.

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