scholarly journals Waste-to-Energy Process to Recover Dangerous Pollutants in an Environmental Protected Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1324
Author(s):  
Pedro Mora ◽  
Daniel Barettino ◽  
Antonio Ponce ◽  
Laura Sánchez-Martín ◽  
Bernardo Llamas
Keyword(s):  
Protected Area ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Energy Process ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
Two Alternatives

The present study aims to extract the polluting material from a lagoon and use it as an alternative fuel in cement industries. To this end, in the methodology will analyze two alternatives for the waste: fuel generation and incineration. The polluting material from the Arganda lagoon has highly calorific value to be used as fuel. Thus, not only are these wastes used, but also an area with potentially hazardous waste is decontaminated. After the extraction, which due to the characteristics of the material is chosen for the novel pumping extraction, and subsequent generation of fuel, the process for using this waste is through the distribution of the created fuel to nine cement plants in Spain, leading to significant environmental benefits. The results of the process shows an energy efficiency of 97% for using the waste as fuel, and a consumed energy of approximately 6000 kWh/t·waste to the process that leads to the desired environmental benefit. The use of waste contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions and a decrease in the use of fossil fuels.

scholarly journals ENHANCEMENT OF THE CALORIFIC VALUE OF EM1707PTY FRUIT BUNCH (EFB) BY ADDING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AS SOLID FUEL IN GASIFICATION PROCESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
Amadou Dioulde Donghol Diallo ◽  
Ma’an Fahmi Rashid Alkhatib ◽  
Md Zahangir Alam ◽  
Maizirwan Mel
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Gasification Process

Empty fruit bunch (EFB), a biomass-based waste, was deemed a potential replacement for fossil fuel. It is renewable and carbon neutral. The efficient management of this potential energy will help to deal with the problem associated with fossil fuels. However, a key parameter for evaluating the quality of raw material (EFB) as a fuel in energy applications is the calorific value (CV). When this CV is low, then its potential utilization as feedstock will be restricted. To tackle this shortcoming, we propose to add municipal solid waste to enhance energetic value. Thus, two major issues will be solved: managing solid residues and contributing an alternative energy source. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of mixing EFB and municipal solid waste (MSW) to make clean energy that is conscious of the environment (climate change) and sustainable development. The selected MSW, comprising of plastics, textiles, foam, and cardboard, were mixed, with EFB at various ratios. Proximate analysis was used to determine moisture content, ash, volatiles, and fixed carbon, whilst elemental analysis, is used to determine CHNS/O for MSW, EFB and their various mixtures. The CV of each element was also measured. The research revealed a significant increase in the calorific value of EFB by mixing it with MSW according to MSW/EFB ratios: 0.25; 0.42; 0.66; 1.00 and 1.50 the corresponding calorific values in (MJ/kg) were 19.77; 21.22; 22.67; 27.04 and 28.47 respectively. While the calorific value of pure EFB was 16.86 MJ/kg, the mixing of EFB with MSW promoted the increase in the CV of EFB to an average of 23.83MJ/kg. Another potential environmental benefit of applying this likely fuel was the low chlorine (0.21 wt. % to 0.95 wt. %) and sulfur concentrations (0.041 wt. % to 0.078 wt.%). This potential fuel could be used as solid refuse fuel (SRF) or refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in a pyrolysis or gasification process with little to no environmental effects. ABSTRAK: Tandan buah kosong (EFB), sisa berasaskan biojisim, adalah berpotensi sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil. Ia boleh diperbaharui dan karbon neutral. Pengurusan berkesan pada potensi tenaga ini dapat membantu mengatasi masalah melibatkan bahan bakar fosil. Namun, kunci parameter bagi menilai kualiti bahan mentah (EFB) sebagai bahan bakar dalam aplikasi tenaga adalah nilai kalori (CV). Apabila CV rendah, potensi menjadi stok suapan adalah terhad. Sebagai penyelesaian, kajian ini mencadangkan sisa pepejal bandaran ditambah bagi meningkatkan nilai tenaga. Oleh itu, dua isu besar dapat diselesaikan: mengurus sisa pepejal dan menambah sumber tenaga alternatif. Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji potensi campuran tandan buah kosong (EFB) dan sisa pepejal bandaran (MSW) bagi menghasilkan tenaga bersih dari sudut persekitaran (perubahan iklim) dan pembangunan lestari. Pemilihan MSW, terdiri daripada plastik, tekstil, gabus dan kadbod, dicampurlan dengan pelbagai nisbah EFB. Analisis proksimat telah digunakan bagi mendapatkan  kandungan kelembapan, abu, ruapan, dan karbon tetap, manakala analisis asas telah digunakan bagi mendapatkan CHNS/O bersama MSW, EFB dan pelbagai campuran lain. Nilai kalori (CV) setiap elemen turut diukur. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan penambahan ketara dalam nilai kalori EFB dengan campuran bersama MSW berdasarkan nisbah MSW/EFB 0.25; 0.42; 0.66; 1.00 dan 1.50 nilai kalori sepadan (MJ/kg) adalah 19.77; 21.22; 22.67; 27.04 dan 28.47 masing-masing. Manakala nilai kalori EFB tulen adalah 16.86 MJ/kg, campuran EFB dan MSW menunjukkan kenaikan CV dengan EFB pada purata 23.83MJ/kg. Antara potensi semula jadi lain adalah dengan mencampurkan bahan bakar ini dengan kalori rendah (0.21 wt. % kepada 0.95 wt. %) dan kepekatan sulfur (0.041 wt. % kepada 0.078 wt.%). Bahan bakar ini berpotensi sebagai bahan bakar pepejal sampah (SRF) atau bahan bakar yang terhasil dari pepejal sampah (RDF) melalui proses pirolisis atau proses gasifikasi yang sedikit atau tiada kesan langsung terhadap persekitaran.

scholarly journals Using Waste Heat to Dry RDF: a Technical and Environmental Assessment of the Low Temperature Belt Dryer Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Sandro Conceição ◽  
João Rolim
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Cement Plant ◽  
Main Burner

In 2015, the Portuguese cement production company Cimpor modified the alternative fuel supply operation of refuse derived fuel (RDF) co-processing in the main burner of one of its cement kilns in Souselas. This modification resulted in the installation of an RDF drying unit with low temperature belt dryer (LTBD) technology that uses cascading energy available in Souselas cement plant. Implementation of the dryer project improves production and efficiency of the industrial process, while also resulting in environmental benefits as it decreases moisture and increases the lower calorific value of RDF, improving its quality. This paper intended to determine these environmental benefits and the added value that the project brings to the industry by presenting an energy balance and environmental assessment. This methodology allowed to compare the use of available heat as an energy source for the dryer instead of fossil fuels, such as natural gas or coal, which concluded that the waste heat available at the cement plant for the dryer would allow the saving of 75 to 84 kg of CO2-eq per tonne of wet RDF to be dried. Projects such as this one may greatly help address the main barriers of using RDF from municipal solid waste and other waste streams with high moisture content. 

Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Morocco: Co-Incineration of RDF as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Kilns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Hasib ◽  
Abdellah Ouigmane ◽  
Otmane Boudouch ◽  
Rida Kacmi ◽  
Mustapha Bouzaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Cement Kilns ◽  
Rich Material

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major obstacle for the majority of municipalities in developing countries because of the impacts related to the landfilling of waste. Garbage is an energy-rich material. As a result, energy recovery is considered to be a sustainable waste management method. In Morocco, 7.4 million tons are produced annually; most of the waste is landfilled without any recovery despite the impacts related to this method of disposal. The objective of this chapter is to characterize combustible fractions (RDF) from household waste in Morocco and to study the economic and environmental benefits of their use as alternative fuels in cement kilns. The results of this research show that the combustible fractions contained in household waste in Morocco constitute a potential sustainable energy source with a high lower calorific value (4454 kcal/kg). The study of the advantages of co-incineration shows that the substitution of pet coke by 15% RDF reduces the pollution linked to gaseous emissions. In addition, the cement plant can make financial savings 389 USD/h by minimizing the use of fossil fuels.

scholarly journals Combustion of a Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) Produced from the Polymeric Fraction of Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3807
Author(s):  
Esther Acha ◽  
Alexander Lopez-Urionabarrenechea ◽  
Clara Delgado ◽  
Lander Martinez-Canibano ◽  
Borja Baltasar Perez-Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Shredder Residue ◽  
Automotive Shredder Residue ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Polymeric Fraction

The use of alternative fuels derived from residues in energy-intensive industries that rely on fossil fuels can cause considerable energy cost savings, but also significant environmental benefits by conserving non-renewable resources and reducing waste disposal. However, the switching from conventional to alternative fuels is challenging for industries, which require a sound understanding of the properties and combustion characteristics of the alternative fuel, in order to adequately adapt their industrial processes and equipment for its utilization. In this work, a solid recovered fuel (SRF) obtained from the polymeric fraction of an automotive shredder residue is tested for use as an alternative fuel for scrap preheating in an aluminium refinery. The material and chemical composition of the SRF has been extensively characterized using proximate and ultimate analyses, calorific values and thermal degradation studies. Considering the calorific value and the chlorine and mercury contents measured, the SRF can be designated as class code NCV 1; Cl 2; Hg 2 (EN ISO 21640:2021). The combustion of the SRF was studied in a laboratory-scale pilot plant, where the effects of temperature, flow, and an oxidizer were determined. The ash remaining after combustion, the collected liquid, and the generated gas phase were analysed in each test. It was observed that increasing the residence time of the gas at a high temperature allowed for a better combustion of the SRF. The oxidizer type was important for increasing the total combustion of the vapour compounds generated during the oxidation of the SRF and for avoiding uncontrolled combustion.

Evaluasi Prediksi Higher Heating Value (HHV) Biomassa Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Made Dirgantara ◽  
Karelius Karelius ◽  
Marselin Devi Ariyanti, Sry Ayu K. Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter ◽  
Hhv Prediction

Abstrak – Biomassa merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang sangat mudah ditemui, ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis. Keberadaan biomassa dapat dimaanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil, baik itu minyak bumi, gas alam maupun batu bara. Analisi diperlukan sebagai dasar biomassa sebagai energi seperti proksimat dan kalor. Analisis terpenting untuk menilai biomassa sebagai bahan bakar adalah nilai kalori atau higher heating value (HHV). HHV secara eksperimen diukur menggunakan bomb calorimeter, namun pengukuran ini kurang efektif, karena memerlukan waktu serta biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai prediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat telah dilakukan sehingga dapat mempermudah dan menghemat biaya yang diperlukan peneliti. Dalam makalah ini dibahas evaluasi persamaan untuk memprediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat pada biomassa berdasarkan data dari penelitian sebelumnya. Prediksi nilai HHV menggunakan lima persamaan yang dievaluasi dengan 25 data proksimat biomassa dari penelitian sebelumnya, kemudian dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai error untuk mendapatkan prediksi terbaik. Hasil analisis menunjukan, persamaan A terbaik di 7 biomassa, B di 6 biomassa, C di 6 biomassa, D di 5 biomassa dan E di 1 biomassa.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, biomassa, higher heating value, nilai error, proksimat  Abstract – Biomass is a renewable energy that is very easy to find, environmentally friendly, and quite economical. The existence of biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels, both oil, natural gas, and coal. Analyzes are needed as a basis for biomass as energy such as proximate and heat. The most critical analysis to assess biomass as fuel is the calorific value or higher heating value (HHV). HHV is experimentally measured using a bomb calorimeter, but this measurement is less effective because it requires time and high costs. Research on the prediction of HHV based on proximate analysis has been carried out so that it can simplify and save costs needed by researchers. In this paper, the evaluation of equations is discussed to predict HHV based on proximate analysis on biomass-based on data from previous studies. HHV prediction values using five equations were evaluated with 25 proximate biomass data from previous studies, then compared based on error value to get the best predictions. The analysis shows that Equation A predicts best in 7 biomass, B in 6 biomass, C in 6 biomass, D in 5 biomass, and E in 1 biomass. Key words: fuel, biomass, higher heating value, error value, proximate 

Counting Fish: Environmental Benefits Calculation for Avoided Costs Analysis in Urban Water Use Efficiency Planning

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Shulte Joung ◽  
Mary Ann Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Conservation Programs ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Urban Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

This report documents a project undertaken for the California Urban Water Conservation Council to create a method to calculate water utility avoided costs and assign economic value to the environmental benefits of raw water savings as a result of implementing urban water conservation programs. It is assumed that water savings associated with implementation of conservation programs can be quantified and represented as a reduction in the demand for water from a particular set of supply sources. This demand reduction may in turn result in a change to the availability of an environmental benefit provided by that source. Environmental valuation, as it is applied here, is relatively new and there are numerous complications, ambiguities, data gaps and differences of opinion in the application of the methodology. For that reason, this report should be considered a pioneering effort to put together all the required elements in a single coherent framework.

Insights into the Development of Cu-based Photocathodes for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Conversion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzhang Li ◽  
Keke Wang ◽  
yanfang Ma ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Weixin Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Co2 Conversion ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

The ever-growing factitious over-consumption of fossil fuels and the accompanying massive emissions of CO2 have caused severe energy crisis and environmental issues. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) reduction of CO2 that can combine...

Integrated Process for Textile Cotton Waste (TCW) Valorization: Waste-to-Energy and Wastewater Decontamination

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ribeiro ◽  
C. Vilarinho ◽  
J. Araújo ◽  
J. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cotton Waste ◽  
Textile Industries

The increasing of world population, industrialization and global consuming, existing market products existed in the along with diversification of raw materials, are responsible for an exponential increase of wastes. This scenario represents loss of resources and ultimately causes air, soils and water pollution. Therefore, proper waste management is currently one of the major challenges faced by modern societies. Textile industries represents, in Portugal, almost 10% of total productive transforming sector and 19% of total employments in the sector composed by almost 7.000 companies. One of the main environmental problems of textile industries is the production of significant quantities of wastes from its different processing steps. According to the Portuguese Institute of Statistics (INE) these industries produce almost 500.000 tons of wastes each year, with the textile cotton waste (TCW) being the most expressive. It was estimated that 4.000 tons of TCW are produced each year in Portugal. In this work an integrated TCW valorisation procedure was evaluated, firstly by its thermal and energetic valorisation with slow pyrolysis followed by the utilization of biochar by-product, in lead and chromium synthetic wastewater decontamination. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a small scale rotating pyrolysis reactor with 0.1 m3 of total capacity. Results of pyrolysis experiments showed the formation of 0,241 m3 of biogas for each kilogram of TCW. Results also demonstrated that the biogas is mostly composed by hydrogen (22%), methane (14 %), carbon monoxide (20%) and carbon dioxide (12%), which represents a total high calorific value of 12.3 MJ/Nm3. Regarding biochar, results of elemental analysis demonstrated a high percentage of carbon driving its use as low cost adsorbent. Adsorption experiments were conducted with lead and chromium synthetic wastewaters (25, 50 and 100 mg L−1) in batch vessels with controlled pH. It was evaluated the behaviour of adsorption capacity and removal rate of each metal during 120 minutes of contact time using 5, 10 and 50 g L−1 of adsorbent dosage. Results indicated high affinity of adsorbent with each tested metal with 78% of removal rate in chromium and 95% in lead experiments. This suggests that biochar from TCW pyrolysis may be appropriated to wastewaters treatment, with high contents of heavy metals and it can be an effective alternative to activated carbon.

Potensi Nilai Kalor Biomassa Dari Ampas Tebu (Bagasse) Yang Bersumber Dari Penjual Minuman Sari Tebu Di Kota Pontianak

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Wahyudi ◽  
Muhammad Ivanto ◽  
Murti Juliandari
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Sugarcane Juice ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
Direct Data

Dependence on the provision of electricity using fossil fuels is a major energy supply problem in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to provide new and renewable alternative fuels that are effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly. One of the alternative fuels is bagasse biomass. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of bagasse produced by sellers of sugarcane juice drink in Pontianak City, in order to determine the estimated value of bagasse. The research method used was direct data collection and laboratory testing . Based on the results of the study, the number of vendors of sugarcane juice beverages producing bagasse was 169. Of this amount, produce bagasse that can reach 1,030.9 kg/day. Based on the test results, the estimated moisture content of bagasse was 3.28%, ash content was 0.77%, and carbon remained at 7.65%. So, if converted with the test results of the calorific value of bagasse and made into briquettes bagasse (bio briquettes), which is 19,648 kJ/kg with a density of 0.416 kg/m3, then converted into a potential calorific value of 242,849,280 J/year.

Possibilities of Using Waste after Pressing Oil from Oilseeds for Energy Purposes

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kachel-Jakubowska ◽  
Artur Kraszkiewicz ◽  
Marta Krajewska
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Environmental Goals ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Global Food

AbstractCurrently, many countries are establishing goals for substituting fossil fuels with biomass. This global trade in solid biofuels, which is to some extent already taking place, will have a major impact not only on other commodity markets like vegetable oils or animal fodder but also on the global land use change and on environmental impacts. It demonstrates the strong but complex link between biofuels production and the global food market, it unveils policy measures as the main drivers for production and use of biofuels and it analyzes various sustainability indicators and certification schemes for biofuels with respect to minimizing the adverse effects of biofuels. Biomass is seen as a very promising option for fulfilling the environmental goals defined by the European Commission as well as various national governments. We have measured selected physicochemical properties of several the most common oilseeds and the residue materials in the form of cakes, moisture, fat, heat of combustion, the calorific value and ash content. The results showed that the considered plants and waste derived therefrom can be a good energy source. Examples include sunflower oilcake, sesame, pumpkin and rapeseed cake, for which the calorific value amounted to respectively: 28.17; 27.77; 26.42 and 21.69 MJ·kg−1.

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