scholarly journals Real-Time Extensive Livestock Monitoring Using LPWAN Smart Wearable and Infrastructure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1240
Author(s):  
Roberto Casas ◽  
Arturo Hermosa ◽  
Álvaro Marco ◽  
Teresa Blanco ◽  
Francisco Javier Zarazaga-Soria
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Species Packing ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Smart Wearable

Extensive unsupervised livestock farming is a habitual technique in many places around the globe. Animal release can be done for months, in large areas and with different species packing and behaving very differently. Nevertheless, the farmer’s needs are similar: where livestock is (and where has been) and how healthy they are. The geographical areas involved usually have difficult access with harsh orography and lack of communications infrastructure. This paper presents the design of a solution for extensive livestock monitoring in these areas. Our proposal is based in a wearable equipped with inertial sensors, global positioning system and wireless communications; and a Low-Power Wide Area Network infrastructure that can run with and without internet connection. Using adaptive analysis and data compression, we provide real-time monitoring and logging of cattle’s position and activities. Hardware and firmware design achieve very low energy consumption allowing months of battery life. We have thoroughly tested the devices in different laboratory setups and evaluated the system performance in real scenarios in the mountains and in the forest.

scholarly journals A Long-Distance Communication Architecture for Medical Devices Based on LoRaWAN Protocol

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Cristina Gaitan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Distance Communication

Recent market studies show that the market for remote monitoring devices of different medical parameters will grow exponentially. Globally, more than 4 million individuals will be monitored remotely from the perspective of different health parameters by 2023. Of particular importance is the way of remote transmission of the information acquired from the medical sensors. At this time, there are several methods such as Bluetooth, WI-FI, or other wireless communication interfaces. Recently, the communication based on LoRa (Long Range) technology has had an explosive development that allows the transmission of information over long distances with low energy consumption. The implementation of the IoT (Internet of Things) applications using LoRa devices based on open Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol for long distances with low energy consumption can also be used in the medical field. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed and developed a long-distance communication architecture for medical devices based on the LoRaWAN protocol that allows data communications over a distance of more than 10 km.

A Cast Study to Investigate an Affordable Cloud-based Server for Worksharing to Benefit Academia & Small Businesses

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (04) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Prof. Swarnali Ghosh Dastider ◽  
Luis Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Digital Models ◽  
Virtual Design ◽  
Design And Construction

Real-time collaboration of multiple digital models is vital for successful construction projects using Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) or Building Information Modeling (BIM). Real-time collaboration allows users to workshare within a multidisciplinary team to co-author multiple smart digital models for better efficiency. This can be done in two ways, either using a physical server (Local Area Network/LAN server) or cloud-based server (Wide Area Network/WAN server). Such cloud-based servers are A360, C4R, Collaboration for Revit, or BIM360Design collaborate, etc. However, above-mentioned cloud services come at a significant price, making it challenging for academia and small businesses to perform real-time collaboration using BIM/VDC models. To find an affordable alternative, an attempt was made as part of the Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) course offered by the Construction Science and Management Department (CSM). For this case study, a popular and free (Google) cloud server was tested as a WAN server to host four multidisciplinary collaborative VDC central models for five users across five different geographic locations and time zones. The study rendered successful results to establish a real-time collaborative workshare environment; hence, can significantly benefit academia and small business.

Search and Rescue System Based on NB-IoT Wearable Device

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-222
Author(s):  
Christos J Bouras ◽  
Apostolos Gkamas ◽  
Spyridon Aniceto Katsampiris Salgado ◽  
Nikolaos Papachristos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
Portable Device ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Rescue System ◽  
Getting Lost

This chapter presents the design and development of a search and rescue (SAR) system, for the location and provision of aid to people who are missing or in imminent danger, especially those belonging to population groups with a particularly high probability of getting lost. With the use of low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technology, such as narrow band internet of things (NB-IoΤ), the authors are able to provide search and rescue solutions for individuals, especially those belonging to groups of people who are more likely to get lost. The central part of the system is a modular “wearable (portable)” device, while in the framework of the implementation of this system, the authors have seriously taken into consideration the aspects of energy efficiency in order to provide better battery life.

scholarly journals SAFETY-CRITICAL WIDE AREA NETWORK PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

2003 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 651-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
TUNCAY BAYRAK ◽  
MARTHA R. GRABOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Network Performance Evaluation

There has been a considerable amount of research in the area of network performance evaluation. However, little of the research is focused on the evaluation of real-time safety-critical WANs, a need that motivated this research. Over the years, networks have been evaluated by different disciplines from different perspectives. Many of these evaluations focus on network technical performance, or an organization's performance when using a network, or individual users' performance when using a network. In this study, network performance was measured using empirical data from an operational WAN and by utilizing well-defined and well-known network performance metrics such as reliability, availability, and response time. In general, increased use of a real-time WAN in this study was associated with negative impacts on WAN performance and increased redundancy was generally associated with positive impacts, allowing greater system usage and higher network workload, as intended. The impacts of increasing redundancy on MTBF were mixed, as were the MTTR impacts; availability values varied considerably by port. The network performance data thus shows mixed empirical results from increases in network usage and redundancy, which highlights the importance of managing and measuring network performance at both the system and the local level.

scholarly journals Optimization of LoRaWAN Access control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajer Tounsi ◽  
Norhane Benkahla ◽  
Ye-Qiong Song ◽  
Mounir Frikha
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Access Technique

Abstract Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) enables flexible long-range communication with low power consumption which is suitable for IoT applications. LoRaWAN’s performance is due on the one hand to its spreading factor modulation allowing the spread out of communication between end-devices and gateways on different frequency channels and data rates. And on the other hand, to the ability to manage for each node its data rate and its transmission power thanks to the adaptive data rate (ADR) scheme in order to increase the overall network capacity and to maximize the battery life of end devices. However, because of the Aloha access technique adopted by LoRaWAN, the risk of using the same data rate on the same channel is not negligible. Despite the limitation of the duty cycle for each node, the risk of collision is high with the increase of the number of end devices which degrades the LoRaWAN’s performance. In this context, our paper proposes different approaches to improve the performance of LoRaWAN. The first contribution consists in improving the ADR technique to meet the characteristics of a mobile environment. The new mechanism proposed, called VHMM-based E-ADR, consists of adapting the data rate of the end-device according to its position. The second contribution consists in better managing the use of the duty cycle by proposing a dynamic sharing mechanism (Dynamic Duty-Cycle). The last contribution consists in proposing a deterministic access technique to replace Aloha. Our experimental study has shown that our proposals give better results in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and energy consumption than basic LoRaWAN in a mobile environment.

Principles and Applications of Narrowband IoT

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-85
Author(s):  
Eisha Akanksha
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
Living Things

The internet of things (IoT) brings ‘life' to non-living things. In the IoT frameworks, the devices become smarter, more intelligent, become able to make decisions, and can communicate with other entities, applications, as well as human beings. According to a Gartner report, by 2020 more than 25 billion devices will be connected to the internet. Low power wireless wide area network (LPWAN) is a group of various low power, wide-area technologies such as LoRa, Sigfox, NB-IoT, DASH7, RPMA, LTE-M, designed to interconnect low bandwidth, battery-operated devices having limited processing power, limited memory, transmission speed with low bit rates at long-range using radio communication technologies. Most of these technologies provide a long battery life, low deployment cost, large capacity, and generates deeper insights of businesses. However, each technology differs in latency, data rate, handover mechanisms, quality of services, applications, and use cases. In this chapter, the authors provide the basic principles of these LPWANs and present their applications in different domains.

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