Optimal Selection of Thermal Energy Storage Technology for Fossil-Free Steam Production in the Processing Industry

Due to increased share of fluctuating renewable energy sources in future decarbonized, electricity-driven energy systems, participating in the electricity markets yields the potential for industry to reduce its energy costs and emissions. A key enabling technology is thermal energy storage combined with power-to-heat technologies, allowing the industries to shift their energy demands to periods with low electricity prices. This paper presents an optimization-based method which helps to select and dimension the cost-optimal thermal energy storage technology for a given industrial steam process. The storage technologies considered in this work are latent heat thermal energy storage, Ruths steam storage, molten salt storage and sensible concrete storage. Due to their individual advantages and disadvantages, the applicability of these storage technologies strongly depends on the process requirements. The proposed method is based on mathematical programming and simplified transient simulations and is demonstrated using different scenarios for energy prices, i.e., various types of renewable energy generation, and varying heat demand, e.g., due to batch operation or non-continuous production.