scholarly journals Automated Parking Space Allocation during Transition with both Human-Operated and Autonomous Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 855
Author(s):  
Mingkang Wu ◽  
Haobin Jiang ◽  
Chin-An Tan
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Comprehensive Method ◽  
Space Allocation ◽  
Shortest Distance ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Ranking Order

As fully automated valet parking systems are being developed, there is a transition period during which both human-operated vehicles (HVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs) are present in the same parking infrastructure. This paper addresses the problem of allocation of a parking space to an AV without conflicting with the parking space chosen by the driver of a HV. A comprehensive assessment of the key factors that affect the preference and choice of a driver for a parking space is established by the fuzzy comprehensive method. The algorithm then generates a ranking order of the available parking spaces to first predict the driver’s choice of parking space and then allocate a space for the AV. The Floyd algorithm of shortest distance is used to determine the route for the AV to reach its parking space. The proposed allocation and search algorithm is applied to the examples of a parking lot with three designed scenarios. It is shown that parking space can be reasonably allocated for AVs.

Research on Dynamic Parking Space Allocation Model in Closed Parking Lot

2015 ◽  
Vol 734 ◽  
pp. 435-439
Author(s):  
Qing Gang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Model ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Random Allocation ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Space Allocation ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
On Line ◽  
Reservation System ◽  
Parking Demand

This paper investigated Dynamic Parking Space Allocation Model (DPSAM), which is one of functional modules of On-line Parking Space Reservation System (OPSRS). In the model, the parking spaces were regarded as a two-dimensional parking resource pool of temporal and spatial components. An integer programming formulation was presented with the objective function of minimizing the discontinuous parking resources. The experiment was executed to compare the allocation solutions of optimization model and random allocation with the indicators of parking resource vacancy rate, parking resource sunk rate and parking demand satisfaction rate. The result shows that optimization model can improve the utilization efficiency of parking lot and is valuable for the application of OPSRS.

scholarly journals A Parking Space Allocation Method to Make a Shared Parking Strategy for Appertaining Parking Lots of Public Buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifei Cai ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Chu Zhang ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Parking Space ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Parking Lots ◽  
Space Allocation ◽  
Allocation Method ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Open Window ◽  
Mnl Model ◽  
Parking Demand

Appertaining parking lots of public buildings provide a large proportion of parking supply in cities. However, these parking lots mainly serve the parking demands of public buildings, leading to a low utilization ratio of parking spaces. It is therefore required to implement a shared parking strategy for these parking lots. In this study, a parking space allocation method (PSAM) at the network level is proposed to allocate the parking demand to a parking lot and then the parking space. The users are divided into M-users (users of the buildings) and P-users (public users). The shared parking strategy is analyzed from the aspects of open window, parking fee, and ratio of reservation spaces. The users are allocated to a parking lot by a multinomial logit(MNL) model. Specifically, it is determined whether they can enter parking lot and which space they are allocated according to the specific rules. After all the users are allocated with a parking space, the rejection number of M-users, occupancy rate, and profits of each parking lot are collected and a NSGA-II (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II) algorithm is designed to determine the optimal strategy for each parking lot according to the above. Compared with the results of all-time all-space shared parking strategy, our method shows better performance in balancing the interests of all appertaining parking lots and protecting the interests of M-users while obtaining considerable profits for the parking lots.

scholarly journals The Effects of Mobility as a Service and Autonomous Vehicles on People’s Willingness to Own a Car in the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1962
Author(s):  
Timo Liljamo ◽  
Heikki Liimatainen ◽  
Markus Pöllänen ◽  
Riku Viri
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mobility Service ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mobility Behaviour

Car ownership is one of the key factors affecting travel behaviour and thus also essential in terms of sustainable mobility. This study examines car ownership and how people’s willingness to own a car may change in the future, when considering the effects of public transport, Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and automated vehicles (AVs). Results of two citizen surveys conducted with representative samples (NAV-survey = 2036; NMaaS-survey = 1176) of Finns aged 18–64 are presented. The results show that 39% of respondents would not want or need to own a car if public transport connections were good enough, 58% if the described mobility service was available and 65% if all vehicles in traffic were automated. Hence, car ownership can decrease as a result of the implementation of AVs and MaaS, and higher public transport quality of service. Current mobility behaviour has a strong correlation to car ownership, as respondents who use public transport frequently feel less of a will or need to own a car than others. Generally, women and younger people feel less of a will or need to own a car, but factors such as educational level and residential location seem to have a relatively low effect.

scholarly journals THE PREDICTION OF PARKING SPACE AVAILABILITY

Transport ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 462-473
Author(s):  
Helena Brožová ◽  
Miroslav Růžička
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
Transition Matrices ◽  
Communication Services ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Car Park

Intelligent Parking Systems (IPS) allow customers to select a car park according to their preferences, rapidly park their vehicle without searching for the available parking space (place) or even book their place in advance avoiding queues. IPS provides the possibility to reduce the wastage of fuel (energy) while finding a parking place and consequently reduce harmful emissions. Some systems interact with in-vehicle navigation systems and provide users with information in real-time such as free places available at a given parking lot (car park), the location and parking fees. Few of these systems, however, provide information on the forecasted utilisation at specific time. This paper describes results of a traffic survey carried out at the parking lot of supermarket and the proposal of the model predicting real-time parking space availability based on these surveyed data. The proposed model is formulated as the non-homogenous Markov chains that are used as a tool for the forecasting of parking space availability. The transition matrices are calculated for different time periods, which allow for and include different drivers’ behaviour and expectations. The proposed forecasting model is adequate for potential use by IPS with the support of different communication means such as the internet, navigation systems (GPS, Galileo etc.) and personal communication services (mobile-phones).

scholarly journals Smart Parking Guidance System on IoT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 2793-2798 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Video Processing ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Parking System ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Smart Parking ◽  
Haar Cascade

Nowadays, smart parking guidance system is a crucial research for people’s convenience where the integrating concept of IoT that include hardware and software with the connection of internet for image or video processing technology is a powerful application which made up a complete smart parking system. The main objective of this research is to develop and analyze on a smart parking guidance system where current available system was compared to this new proposed system. Limited parking space has become serious issue since the number of Malaysia’s populations are using car keep increasing. Some of the big companies, shopping malls and other public facilities already deployed a smart parking system on their building. However, there are still a lot of buildings that do not own it because the system required a lot of investment, where the huge parking areas need higher cost to install sensors on each parking lot available and cameras are costly and lower in reliability. The proposed smart parking guidance system in this research was depending on a 360° camera that was modified on Raspberry Pi camera module and 360o lens that process with De-Warping techniques for the normal view rather than 360-degree view and Haar-Cascade classifier. The image and video processing was done by Open CV and python program to detect the available parking space and cloud firebase was used to update data where users can access the parking space availability by android mobile phone specifically at a closed parking space. A single 360°camera was replaced several sensors and cameras which were implemented on traditional parking guidance system. In the end of the paper, it is proved that prototype based smart parking is the convenient way to find the parking space availability.

A Multi-Purpose Off-Line Path Planner Based on an A* Search Algorithm

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo L. Rankin ◽  
Carl D. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Autonomous Mobile Robot ◽  
Linear Path ◽  
Shortest Distance ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Turning Radius ◽  
Minimum Turning Radius ◽  
Path Planner ◽  
Line Path

Abstract Efficient navigation of an autonomous mobile robot through a well-defined environment requires the ability of the robot to plan paths. An efficient and reliable planar off-line path planner has been developed that is based on the A* search method. Using this method, two types of planning are accomplished. The first uses a map of all known obstacles to determine the shortest-distance path from a start to goal configuration. The second determines the shortest path along a network of predefined roads. For the most complicated environment of obstacles and roads, a near-optimal piecewise-linear path is found within a few seconds. The planner can generate paths for robots capable of rotation about a point as well as car-like robots that have a minimum turning radius. For car-like robots, the planner can generate forward and reverse paths. This software is currently implemented on a computer controlled Kawasaki Mule 500 all-terrain vehicle and a computer controlled John Deere 690 excavator.

scholarly journals Motorcycle Parking Design with Simulation Approach Case Study: Rusunawa Penjaringan Sari 3, Surabaya

2018 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Yohanes R. Krisnanda ◽  
Indri Hapsari ◽  
Jerry A. Arlianto ◽  
Anton J. Tjahjoanggoro ◽  
Markus Hartono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
City Government ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Dimension 2

Rusunawa Penjaringan Sari 3 is flats owned by Surabaya City government with capacity 99 units. The current motorcycle parking lot has a total area 185.61 m2 and the parking slot dimension is 2 m X 0.7 m. It can accommodate 100 until 145 motorcycles. This limitation space makes motorcycles must park randomly and irregularly, such as parking at the space for people walking and parking in parallel that can block a motorcycle that wants to go out. Improvements that we did for parking layout in this research is based on parking standard, published by Indonesia Directorate General of Land Transportation. Each motorcycle has parking alternative slot dimension 2 mx 0.85 m and the aisle width is 1.6 m and double way. Using simulation approach by ProModel, we developed 4 alternatives and compared them. The average time for residents to de-park until leave from parking space motorcycles decreased from 56.118 seconds to 17.342 seconds (alternative 1), 17.2273 seconds (alternative 2), 21.986 seconds (alternative 3), and 17.242 seconds (alternative 4).

scholarly journals Generalized Parking Occupancy Analysis Based on Dilated Convolutional Neural Network

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherzod Nurullayev ◽  
Sang-Woong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Perspective Distortion ◽  
Occupancy Detection ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Parking Space Detection

The importance of vacant parking space detection systems is increasing dramatically as the avoidance of traffic congestion and the time-consuming process of searching an empty parking space is a crucial problem for drivers in urban centers. However, the existing parking space occupancy detection systems are either hardware expensive or not well-generalized for varying images captured from different camera views. As a solution, we take advantage of an affordable visual detection method that is made possible by the fact that camera monitoring is already available in the majority of parking areas. However, the current problem is a challenging vision task because of outdoor lighting variation, perspective distortion, occlusions, different camera viewpoints, and the changes due to the various seasons of the year. To overcome these obstacles, we propose an approach based on Dilated Convolutional Neural Network specifically designed for detecting parking space occupancy in a parking lot, given only an image of a single parking spot as input. To evaluate our method and allow its comparison with previous strategies, we trained and tested it on well-known publicly available datasets, PKLot and CNRPark + EXT. In these datasets, the parking lot images are already labeled, and therefore, we did not need to label them manually. The proposed method shows more reliability than prior works especially when we test it on a completely different subset of images. Considering that in previous studies the performance of the methods was compared with well-known architecture—AlexNet, which shows a highly promising achievement, we also assessed our model in comparison with AlexNet. Our investigations showed that, in comparison with previous approaches, for the task of classifying given parking spaces as vacant or occupied, the proposed approach is more robust, stable, and well-generalized for unseen images captured from completely different camera viewpoints, which has strong indications that it would generalize effectively to other parking lots.

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