scholarly journals Through-Life Maintenance Cost of Digital Avionics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Ahmed Raza ◽  
Vladimir Ulansky
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
True Positive ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Conditional Probabilities ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Intermittent Faults ◽  
The Cost

Modern avionics can account for around 30% of the total cost of the aircraft. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the operational cost of avionics during a lifetime. This article addresses the critical scientific problem of creating the appropriate maintenance models for digital avionics systems that significantly increase their operational effectiveness. In this research, we propose the lifecycle cost equations to select the best option for the maintenance of digital avionics. The proposed cost equations consider permanent failures, intermittent faults, and false-positives occurred during the flight. The lifecycle cost equations are determined for the warranty and the post-warranty interval of aircraft operation. We model several maintenance options for each period of service. The cost equations consider the characteristics of the permanent failures and intermittent faults, conditional probabilities of in-flight false-positive and true-positive as well as the cost of different maintenance operations, duration of the flight, and some other parameters. We have demonstrated that a three-level post-warranty maintenance variant with a detector of intermittent faults is the best because it minimizes the total expected maintenance cost several folds compared to other maintenance options.

scholarly journals KAJIAN KELAYAKAN EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN JEMBATAN LAYANG SIMPANG SELAYANG KOTA MEDAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Amrizal Amrizal ◽  
Jeffry Lisra
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Travel Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Time Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Base Structure

The purpose of this study is to create an economically effective flyover construction in Medan so that this study can inspire the local official. Total cost of the construction is Rp. 720 billion which consist of  Rp 10.8 billion of flyover base structure construction cost, mobilization and road hardening cost, design and supervision cost; Rp 7.641 billion annual maintenance unit cost; Rp 22.923 billion/5 years periodically maintenance cost; and Rp 4,375,000/m2 estimated  land acquisition cost. The calculated benefit is travel cost cut-off which is the difference between the total travel cost with and without project. The travel cost consists of Vehicle Operational Cost and Time Value. Based on year 2014 analysis, the total amount of the cut-off saving of Simpang Selayang Flyover is Rp 30.06 billion. Economic feasibility analysis of horizon years for 30 years showed that the benefit obtained based on NPV, which is Rp 61,1 billion, is not adequate enough for 12,5 % annual interest rate, this can be seen by the 10.99% Internal Rate Return (IRR), so, the value of Simpang Selayang Flyover construction is not economically feasible yet.

scholarly journals Assessment of Health Monitoring Trustworthiness of Avionics Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Ulansky ◽  
Igor Machalin ◽  
Iryna Terentyeva
Keyword(s):  
Health Monitoring ◽  
False Positive ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Measuring Channel ◽  
True Positive ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Automated Test Equipment ◽  
Intermittent Faults ◽  
Reliability Characteristics

The article provides a methodology for assessing the trustworthiness of health monitoring the dismounted avionics systems with automated test equipment (ATE). The indicators include the probabilities of false-positive, false-negative, true-positive, and true-negative. For the first time, we introduced into consideration the instability of the source of stimulus signal (SSS), the random and systematic component of the measuring channel error, and the reliability characteristics of the systems themselves. We consider a specific case of an exponential distribution of permanent failures and intermittent faults and derive formulas for calculating the trustworthiness indicators. Numerical calculations illustrate how the probabilities of correct and incorrect decisions depend on accuracy parameters. We show that the probabilities of false-positive and false-negative increase much faster than the probabilities of true-positive and true-negative decrease when the standard deviation of stimulus signal increases. For a Very High-Frequency Omni-Directional Range (VOR) receiver, we demonstrate that even with a zero random error generated by the source of the stimulus signal, the probabilities of false-positive and false-negative are different from zero.

Cost Allocation in Common Facilities Sharing

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950010
Author(s):  
Federica Briata ◽  
Vito Fragnelli
Keyword(s):  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Game

Briata, F. and Fragnelli, V. [2017] Free-riding in common facility sharing, in Transaction on Computation Collective Intelligence XXVII, pp. 129–138. dealt with the inefficiency and the free-riding situations that may arise from sharing the maintenance cost of a facility among its potential users and from dividing the cost of a check to assess who the users are among the agents that asked for it.They introduced two mechanisms for reducing the free-riding behaviors and considered the possibility that the check provides also information on the level at which the facility is used by each agent. In this paper, we improve the profitability of the check, introducing a TU-cost game for determining the quota of the total cost assigned to each agent in order to satisfy as many agents as possible. Two solutions are proposed and analyzed and the balancedness of the TU-cost game is studied and characterized.

scholarly journals Viabilidade econômica da produção de crisântemos

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio Shigueaki Shiroto ◽  
Narah Vieira Peres ◽  
Omar Jorge Sabbag
Keyword(s):  
Cost Management ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Internal Rate ◽  
The Cost

The segment of flower production in Brazil has shown remarkable development in recent years. The chrysanthemum is a product of extensive sales throughout Brazil and the diversity of types and colors, resistance to transport, excellent durability, and its easy adaptation to different regions make it as one of the main products in the various markets. This study aimed to evaluate the cost and economic viability of commercial production of potted chrysanthemums in the Atibaia, São Paulo State. For the total cost of production (6,413 vases/month) expenses cuttings accounted for 36.4% of inputs and 26.4% of the EOC (effective operational cost), followed by labor, with 16% of the TOC (total operational cost) achieving a profitability index 27.7%. It was found, based on cash flow, an IRR (internal rate of return) of 10.27% IRR (internal rate of return) already for the 6th productive year, showing attractive results for this segment considering the improving producer profitability is proportional to better production indicators. Note that to get a higher return activity, more efficient managements are required, resulting in lower losses and higher operating earnings, being necessary to take into account the cost management and production system are also essential to success in cultivation.

Economics of Aromatic and Non-aromatic Rice Production in Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh

2020 ◽  
pp. 324-329
Keyword(s):  
Rice Production ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Aromatic Rice ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Large Farmer ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

The present study is based on economic analysis of aromatic and non-aromatic rice production in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh in 2015-2016. The primary data related to cost and returns of the aromatic and non-aromatic rice crop was collected from 30 each aromatic rice and non-aromatic rice-growing farmers of five villages of Bilaspur district under three sizes of group, each group containing 10 farmers in each class. The results showed that aromatic rice production on a sample farm was `43606.48 per ha. The proportion of the operational cost and fixed cost to total cost on sample farm was 56.75 and 43.24 percent. The average net income over cost C3 was found 38805.04per ha and in the case of small, medium and large farmer was `38457.15, 38731.98 and 39225.97 per ha respectively. The average input-output ratio was 1:1.80 percent. The cost of production of rice varied from `1243.32 to 1273.45 per q with an average of `1259.55 per q. The cost of production was found minimum in the case of small farmers. While non-aromatic rice production on a sample farm was `40214.59 per ha which increased as the farm size increased. The proportion of the operational cost and fixed cost to total cost on sample farm was 58.46 and 41.53 percent. The average net income over Cost C3 was found 29417.1 per ha and in the case of small, medium and large farmer was `26168.23, 27899.631 and 34183.45 per ha respectively. The average input-output ratio was 1:1.66 percent. Cost of production of non-aromatic rice varied from `838.56 to 770.65 per q with an average of `812.22 per q. It was observed that the cost of production was found minimum in large farmers revealing to the extraordinary difference between the different farm sizes.

scholarly journals Operating cost of sugarcane harvester in function of agricultural productivity and harvester age

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 552-557
Author(s):  
Ângelo D. Banchi ◽  
Angel P. Garcia ◽  
Andrei Grespan ◽  
Daniel Albiero ◽  
Luis G. A. Favarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Sugarcane Harvester ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operational Capacity

ABSTRACT The brazilian agriculture has expanded and improved its techniques in the last decades as well as the mechanization of sugarcane cultivation. Overall, the mechanization cost of this cultivation is the highest of the total cost of production in relation to other crops. That cost consists of several elements such as the cost of the harvester. This study aimed to develop a mathematical model that represents the operational cost of the harvester in relation to its operating life and agricultural productivity, parameters that are associated with its operational capacity. Simulations of this cost were conducted, raging the operating life of harvesters between 0 and 17,900 h, and the agricultural productivity of the cultivation from 50 to 130 Mg ha-1. The results indicated an operating cost between R$ 7.23 (BRL) and R$ 26.43 Mg-1. It was verified that the operational cost is inversely proportional and nonlinear to productivity, and also directly proportional and nonlinear in relation to the age of the harvester.

scholarly journals PRATD: A Phased Remote Access Trojan Detection Method with Double-Sided Features

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1894
Author(s):  
Chun Guo ◽  
Zihua Song ◽  
Yuan Ping ◽  
Guowei Shen ◽  
Yuhei Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
True Positive Rate ◽  
Remote Access ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
True Positive ◽  
Trojan Detection ◽  
Positive Rate

Remote Access Trojan (RAT) is one of the most terrible security threats that organizations face today. At present, two major RAT detection methods are host-based and network-based detection methods. To complement one another’s strengths, this article proposes a phased RATs detection method by combining double-side features (PRATD). In PRATD, both host-side and network-side features are combined to build detection models, which is conducive to distinguishing the RATs from benign programs because that the RATs not only generate traffic on the network but also leave traces on the host at run time. Besides, PRATD trains two different detection models for the two runtime states of RATs for improving the True Positive Rate (TPR). The experiments on the network and host records collected from five kinds of benign programs and 20 famous RATs show that PRATD can effectively detect RATs, it can achieve a TPR as high as 93.609% with a False Positive Rate (FPR) as low as 0.407% for the known RATs, a TPR 81.928% and FPR 0.185% for the unknown RATs, which suggests it is a competitive candidate for RAT detection.

scholarly journals Effects of Increase in the Cost of Building Materials on the Delivery of Affordable Housing in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1772
Author(s):  
Bimpe Alabi ◽  
Julius Fapohunda
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Cost Increase ◽  
Sequential Mixed Methods ◽  
Adequate Provision ◽  
The Cost

Adequate provision of affordable human settlements is a huge challenge in South Africa since its independence. This paper investigates the effects of the cost increase of building materials on affordable housing delivery in South Africa. With potential solutions for cost minimisation of building materials, with the aim of achieving affordable housing delivery in South Africa are provided. This study uses a sequential mixed methods approach, wherein surveys were conducted among the construction professionals (project managers, site managers architects, site engineers, quantity surveyors, contractors, building materials suppliers, and government workers) in the construction industry within Cape Town, South Africa, who were considered as the research participants. The qualitative data obtained from the survey exercise were analysed using content analysis, while the quantitative data were analysed using a descriptive statistical technique on SPSS. The findings attained show fluctuation in construction cost and a rise in maintenance cost (caused by poor workmanship) as significant effects in the cost increase of building materials for affordable housing delivery. Adequate application of the recommendations given in this study will minimise the effects of high cost of building materials and enhance affordable housing delivery. Appropriate handling of the findings given in this study will reduce the effects of the high cost of building materials and augment timely delivery of affordable housing and stakeholders’ satisfaction.

scholarly journals Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Hexagonal Waveguide Concentrator for Solar Thermal Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2146
Author(s):  
Karunesh Kant ◽  
Karthik Nithyanandam ◽  
Ranga Pitchumani
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Solar Concentrator ◽  
Thermal Desalination ◽  
Process Heat ◽  
Solar Thermal Applications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation And Maintenance Cost

This paper analyzes a novel, cost-effective planar waveguide solar concentrator design that is inspired by cellular hexagonal structures in nature with the benefits of facile installation and low operation and maintenance cost. A coupled thermal and optical analysis of solar irradiation through an ideal hexagonal waveguide concentrator integrated with a linear receiver is presented, along with a cost analysis methodology, to establish the upper limit of performance. The techno-economic model, coupled with numerical optimization, is used to determine designs that maximized power density and minimized the cost of heat in the temperature range of 100–250 °C, which constitutes more than half of the industrial process heat demand. Depending on the incident solar irradiation and the application temperature, the cost of heat for the optimal design configuration ranged between 0.1–0.27 $/W and 0.075–0.18 $/W for waveguide made of ZK7 glass and polycarbonate, respectively. A techno-economic analysis showed the potential of the technology to achieve cost as low as 80 $/m2 and 61 $/m2 for waveguide made of ZK7 glass and polycarbonate material, respectively, which is less than half the cost of state-of-the-art parabolic trough concentrators. Overall, the hexagonal waveguide solar concentrator technology shows immense potential for decarbonizing the industrial process heat and thermal desalination sectors.

scholarly journals The Development of Patient Scheduling Groups for an Effective Appointment System

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Li Huang
Keyword(s):  
Access To Care ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Patient Scheduling ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Patient Type ◽  
Clinic Efficiency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

SummaryPatient access to care and long wait times has been identified as major problems in outpatient delivery systems. These aspects impact medical staff productivity, service quality, clinic efficiency, and health-care cost.This study proposed to redesign existing patient types into scheduling groups so that the total cost of clinic flow and scheduling flexibility was minimized. The optimal scheduling group aimed to improve clinic efficiency and accessibility.The proposed approach used the simulation optimization technique and was demonstrated in a Primary Care physician clinic. Patient type included, emergency/urgent care (ER/UC), follow-up (FU), new patient (NP), office visit (OV), physical exam (PE), and well child care (WCC). One scheduling group was designed for this physician. The approach steps were to collect physician treatment time data for each patient type, form the possible scheduling groups, simulate daily clinic flow and patient appointment requests, calculate costs of clinic flow as well as appointment flexibility, and find the scheduling group that minimized the total cost.The cost of clinic flow was minimized at the scheduling group of four, an 8.3% reduction from the group of one. The four groups were: 1. WCC, 2. OV, 3. FU and ER/UC, and 4. PE and NP. The cost of flexibility was always minimized at the group of one. The total cost was minimized at the group of two. WCC was considered separate and the others were grouped together. The total cost reduction was 1.3% from the group of one.This study provided an alternative method of redesigning patient scheduling groups to address the impact on both clinic flow and appointment accessibility. Balance between them ensured the feasibility to the recognized issues of patient service and access to care. The robustness of the proposed method on the changes of clinic conditions was also discussed.

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