scholarly journals Effects of Crop Protection Unmanned Aerial System Flight Speed, Height on Effective Spraying Width, Droplet Deposition and Penetration Rate, and Control Effect Analysis on Wheat Aphids, Powdery Mildew, and Head Blight

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Songchao Zhang ◽  
Baijing Qiu ◽  
Xinyu Xue ◽  
Tao Sun ◽  
Wei Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Droplet Deposition ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Deposition Uniformity ◽  
And Control

As a new type of crop protection machinery, the Crop Protection Unmanned Aerial System (CPUAS) has developed rapidly and been widely used in China; currently, how to use the CPUAS scientifically has become a top priority. However, the relationships between the operating parameters of the CPUAS and the effective spraying width (ESW), droplet distribution characteristics, and control effects of insect pests and diseases are not clear yet. Therefore, three levels of flight speed (FS) as 3, 4, and 5 m/s, three levels of flight height (FH) as 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m, and spraying volume 2.0 L/min experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of FS and FH on the ESW, droplet deposition uniformity (DDU), and droplet penetration rate (DPR) by using an electric single-rotor CPUAS CE20. Based on the obtained results, combined with the insect pests and diseases occurrence agronomic laws, the optimal operation parameters of the CPUAS were selected to control the wheat aphids, powdery mildew, and head blight. The results showed that the ESW of CE20 was not consistent, the maximum value was 5.78 m, and the minimum one was 2.51 m. The FS had a highly significant impact on ESW (p = 0.0033 < 0.01), while the FH and the interaction between FS and FH had no significant impact on ESW. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the droplet deposition were between 23.3% and 34.4%, which meant good deposition uniformity. The FH (p = 0.0019) and the interaction between FS and FH (p = 0.02) had significant impacts on the DDU. The control effects on aphids were 78.71% (1 day), 84.88% (3 days), and 90.42% (7 days), the control effects on powdery mildew were 77.17% (7 days) and 82.83% (14 days), and the control effect on head blight was 88.32% (20 days). This study proved that by the optimization of parameters and the combination of agronomy, good control effects for insect pests and diseases could be achieved by the CPUAS. The research results would provide some technical supports for CPUAS application.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and forecasting of insect-pests and diseases for value-added agro-advisory

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-276
Author(s):  
AMRENDER KUMAR ◽  
A. K. JAIN ◽  
B. K. BHATTACHARYA ◽  
VINOD KUMAR ◽  
A. K. MISHRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Machine Learning Approach

Models are means to capture, condense and organize knowledge. These are expressions, which represent relationship between various components of a system. A well-tested weather-based model can be an effective scientific tool for forewarning insect-pests and diseases in advance so that timely plant protection measures could be taken up. Various types of techniques have been developed for the purpose. The simplest technique forms the class of thumb rules, which are based on experience. Though these do not have much scientific background but are extensively used to provide quick forewarning of the menace. Another tool in practice is regression model that represents relationship between two or more variables so that one variable can be predicted from the other (s). Linear and non-linear regression models have been widely used in studying relationship of insect-pests and diseases with time and weather variables (as such or in some transformed forms). With the advent of computers more sophisticated techniques such as simulation modelling and machine learning approach such as decision tree induction algorithms, genetic algorithms, neural networks, rough sets, etc. have been explored. A number of simulation models have been developed all over the world for quantifying effects of various factors including weather on agriculture.  These may provide a good forecast but require detailed data base, which may not be available. Machine learning approach has recently received some attention. As opposed to traditional model-based methods, machine learning approach is self adaptive methods in that there are a few a priori assumptions about the models for problem(s) under study. This technique learns more from examples and captures subtle functional relationships among the data even if the underlying relationships are unknown or hard to describe.  This modelling approach with ability to learn from experience is very useful for many practical problems provided enough data are available. Remotely sensed data can provide useful information relating to area under the crop and also the condition thereof. It has certain advantages over land use statistics due to multi-spectral, synoptic and repetitive coverage. An attempt has been made for accurate estimation of area affected by insect-pests and diseases in crops along with accurate assessment of damage due to the same are possible for providing compensation to farmers. In this study, an Integrated Decision Support System (IDSS) for Crop Protection Services is also discussed.  

scholarly journals AGRO-ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CROP PROTECTION IN CHILI-BASED AGRIBUSINESS IN CENTRAL JAVA

Agriekonomika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Joko Mariyono
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Central Java

<p><em>Chili is an important cash crop in Indonesia. This study is to analyze socio-economic aspect of chili production in three selected communities of three districts —Magelang, Brebes, and Rembang— that represent distinct agroecosystems of chili cultivation within Central Java province. This study uses quantitative descriptive methods. Data were compiled from a series of surveys in 2010-2011. The results of analyses were presented in table and graphical forms to compare and contrast selected relevant variables associated with crop protection. The results show that yield loss due to pests and diseases was considerable, and some of these problems were becoming difficult to control. The economic losses varied, which depended on many factors. The potential yield loss could reach 100 percent. Among the eight major insect pests reported by farmers during the dry season, thrips, mites, and whitefly infestations were most severe. Likewise, among five diseases noted by farmers, the three most important—anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici), gemini-viruses, and Phytophthora—were more serious than the others. During the wet season, risk of anthracnose was very high; in the dry season, risk of yield lost to gemini-viruses and Phytophthora was high. Within a province, the severe outbreaks of insect pests and diseases varied across locations and seasons. Farmers applied control measure using pesticides and other alternative controls. However, the problem still persisted. There is a crucial need to solve the problems by enhancing farmers’ knowledge and involving research institutions focusing on crop protection strategy.</em></p>

Control of insect pests by plant genetic engineering

1992 ◽  
Vol 99 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angharad M. R. Gatehouse ◽  
Vaughan A. Hilder ◽  
John A. Gatehouse
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Second World ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Crop protection against pests and diseases is of prime importance and plays a major role in agricultural production both in the Developed and Developing parts of the world.Although chemical pesticides have been in use for a long time it is only since the Second World War that a very heavy and almost exclusive reliance has been placed upon their use. This, in many cases, has resulted in the rapid build-up of resistance by insect pests to such compounds, as is illustrated by the rapidly developed resistance to the organochloride insecticides by the cotton bollworm, Heliothis virescens. Indeed, there are many examples of resistance in a major pest being observed within the first year of field use (Metcalf 1986). In some cases the indiscriminate application of pesticides has exacerbated the problem of insect herbivory where elimination of a wide range of predatory species along with the primary pests has resulted in secondary pests becoming primary pests themselves with even more devastating effects (Heinrichs & Mochida 1983).

Pesticide use in Indonesian vegetable farming and its determinants

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joko Mariyono ◽  
Apri Kuntariningsih ◽  
Tom Kompas
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Correct Prediction ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Pesticide Exposures ◽  
Vegetable Farming

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse factors affecting the use of pesticides in intensive vegetable farming in Java, Indonesia. Evaluating such factors is expected to provide appropriate policies to reduce pesticides, and eventually, mitigates the adverse impacts of pesticides on human health and the environment. Design/methodology/approach Data were compiled from a farm survey of randomly selected 240 vegetable farmers in three regions of Java in 2014. A concept of economic threshold was employed to analyse the pesticide use determinants, which were estimated using econometric models. Findings Factors leading to the increase in the application of pesticides were the number of observed insect pests, prices of vegetables, use of local varieties, and use of mixed pesticides. Conversely, factors lowering the use of pesticides were the number of observed diseases, the cost of pesticides, and area planted to vegetables. The most important factor in influencing pesticide use was farmers’ perception on the correct prediction of yield losses associated with pests and diseases. Research limitations/implications The sample for this research is somewhat low and the analysis was based on one-year data of the quantity of pesticides in a formulation. Practical implications The use of pesticides can be reduced by training farmers on crop protection practices, which provide correct information on pests and diseases. Policies related to the price of pesticides would be ineffective, as farmers still highly relied on pesticides. These findings will be useful for reducing the use of pesticides in intensive vegetable farming in Indonesia, and in tropical countries in general. Originality/value Pesticides have two opposite properties: to increase income on the one side and to cause devastation of life on the other side. Because pesticides are generally less selectively toxic than would be desired, non-targets including humans and the environment must be protected from contamination by these agrochemicals. This study found the most important determinants for reducing pesticide exposures in Indonesian intensive farming.

Calneem: A commercial neem seed-based biopesticide for sustainable management of pests of vegetables in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
D. Obeng-Ofori
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Practical Utilization ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Environmentally Sound

The production of vegetable crops is a major agricultural activity of small and medium-scale farmers in Ghana and has a greatpotential to increase the income levels growers. However, vegetable production is constrained among other factors by attackby insect pests, diseases, nematodes and the declining soil fertility, necessitating the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers.Currently, the main method of controlling pests and diseases of vegetable crops is the use of synthetic pesticides. This paperexamines the environmental, food safety, health and other problems inherent in the dependency on conventional pesticidesto control crop pests in Ghana and advocates the need to develop a sustainable and environmentally sound alternative pestmanagement strategy using neem pesticides as the major component. Native to India and Burma, the neem tree, Azadirachataindica A. Juss was introduced to Africa earlier this century and is now well established in at least 78 countries, including Ghanawhere it has become an important source of fuel, lumber and biopesticides. Neem products are broad spectrum bio-pesticideswhich are effective against several pests of vegetables, food crops, fruit and other tree crops. Using the results of extensive fieldtrials conducted in two locations in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, the paper would demonstrate the practical utilization ofCalneem oil and Neem seed extract for sustainable protection of okra and cucumber against pest infestation in Ghana. It wouldalso show that neem pesticides are less harmful to some beneficial organisms in the vegetable agro-ecosystem such as certain antspecies, lady bird beetles, dragon flies and other predators. Practical challenges to widespread application of neem bio-pesticidesfor sustainable crop protection in Ghana are discussed.

Sprayer type and water volume influence pesticide deposition and control of insect pests and diseases in juice grapes

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Wise ◽  
Paul E. Jenkins ◽  
Annemiek M.C. Schilder ◽  
Christine Vandervoort ◽  
Rufus Isaacs
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pesticide Deposition

scholarly journals Study of pesticide use on bitter gourd production at Jashore district

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
P Hajong ◽  
MS Rahman ◽  
MA Islam ◽  
GC Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Pests And Diseases

The study was designed to assess the extent of pesticide use and profitability of bitter gourd production at farm level in selected areas of Jashore district during January-May, 2019. Average farm size was 0.79 ha and average bitter gourd cultivated area per farmer was 0.07 ha. Most of the farmer cultivated local variety, which is called Gajkorola and some farmer cultivated hybrid korola such as Gonggajoli, Tia and BARI Korola-1 variety. About ninety-nine percent farmers sprayed insecticides and fungicides in their fields to protect crops from different insect pests and diseases. Thirty-nine percent farmers used pheromone trap for crop protection. A farmer averagely used 11.19 times spray in their fields and its range was 5-18 times in a season. The average yield of bitter gourd was 16.74 t ha-1 for non-IPM farmer and 16.16 t ha-1 for IPM farmer. The average total cost of production of bitter gourd was Tk. 203984 ha-1 for non-IPM farmer and Tk. 191246 ha-1 for IPM farmer. Gross return was Tk. 389705 ha-1 and net return was Tk. 185721 ha-1 for non-IPM farmer. While, gross return of IPM farmer was Tk. 360828 ha-1 and net return was Tk. 169582 ha-1. Benefit cost ratio was 1.91 and 1.89 for non-IPM and IPM farmer, respectively that means bitter gourd production was profitable. Cent percent farmer reported that IPM technology was time-consuming method and it was not only the measures to protect pests. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 110-115, December 2020

scholarly journals Evaluation of Dogwood and Birch Species and Cultivars for Resistance to Key Insect Pests and Diseases

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Monte P. Johnson ◽  
John R. Hartman ◽  
Robert E. McNiel ◽  
William M. Fountain
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Cornus Mas ◽  
Bronze Birch Borer ◽  
Dogwood Borer

Abstract Ten cultivars of dogwoods (Cornus spp.) were evaluated in multi-year trials for relative reisistance to the dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris); cold injury; canker disease, Botryosphaeria dothidea; spot anthracnose, Elsinoe corni; and powdery mildew, Oidium sp., Microsphaera sp., and Phyllactinia sp. Similarly, eight cultivars of birch (Betula spp.) were evaluated for resistance to the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier); Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman; aphids, Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer; the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory; and leaf-spot, Cryptocline betularum. All cultivars of C. florida, C. kousa and C. kousa x florida were susceptible to dogwood borer, although the C. florida cultivars were surviving better than the others. Cornus mas and C. kousa cultivars were relatively resistant to powdery mildew while C. florida x kousa hybrids and C. florida ‘Cherokee Brave’ were intermediately resistant. Betula platyphylla szechuanica ‘Purpurea’ was highly susceptible to the bronze birch borer, whereas B. nigra and B. n. ‘Heritage’ were the most susceptible birches to aphid damage. Betula jacquemontii was highly susceptible to Japanese beetle defoliation. Betula pendula, B. nigra, and B. n. ‘Heritage’ were most susceptible to defoliation by birch leaf spot. This study suggests that dogwood and birch cultivars vary in susceptibility to key insect pests and diseases. Planting relatively resistant cultivars may be useful in managing perennial pests in urban landscapes.

scholarly journals Droplet Deposition and Control of Planthoppers of Different Nozzles in Two-Stage Rice with a Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Pengchao Chen ◽  
Yubin Lan ◽  
Xiaoyu Huang ◽  
Haixia Qi ◽  
Guobin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Droplet Deposition ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Rice Planthoppers ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carrier Volume ◽  
And Control

Previous studies have confirmed that choosing nozzles that produce coarser droplets could reduce the risk of pesticide spray drift, but this conclusion is based on a large volume of application, and it is easy to ignore how this impacts the control effect. The difference from the conventional spray is that the carrier volume of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is very limited. Little was known about how to choose suitable nozzles with UAV’s limited volume to ensure appropriate pest control. Droplet deposition with the addition of adjuvant and the LU110-010, LU110-015, and LU110-020 nozzles and control of planthoppers within nozzles treatments were studied by a quadrotor UAV in rice (Tillering and Flowering stages). Allura Red (10 g/L) was used as a tracer and Kromekote cards were used to collect droplet deposits. The results indicate that the density of the droplets covered by the LU110-01 nozzle is well above other treatments, while the differences in droplet deposition and coverage are not significant. The deposition and coverage were improved with the addition of adjuvant, especially in LU110-01 nozzles’ treatment. The control effects of rice planthoppers treated by LU110-01 nozzle were 89.4% and 90.8% respectively, which were much higher than 67.6% and 58.5% of LU110-020 nozzle at 7 days in the Tillering and Flowering stage. The results suggest that selecting a nozzle with a small atomizing particle size for UAV could improve the control effect of planthoppers.

scholarly journals Effect of Aviation Spray Adjuvant on Improving Control of Fusarium Head Blight and Reducing Mycotoxin Contamination in Wheat

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1284
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Yan ◽  
Ming Wang ◽  
Yuxiao Zhu ◽  
Xin Shi ◽  
Xiaohui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
High Control ◽  
And Control

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and its mycotoxin contamination are among the main factors affecting wheat yield and quality. There is an urgent need to develop an efficient strategy to prevent and control the FHB disease and reduce the mycotoxin level in the wheat product. As a triazolinthione fungicide, prothioconazole is an effective broad-spectrum fungicide to control various diseases of wheat by foliar spraying. However, prothioconazole has potential harm to the female reproductive system, and its metabolism prothioconazole-desthio has teratogenicity. Considering this point, the plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are undoubtedly a suitable choice for the field application of prothioconazole. In this work, by spraying 30% prothioconazole dispersible oil suspensions, we report that aviation spray adjuvant of methylated vegetable oil influences the control effect of wheat head blight, wheat yield, prothioconazole residues, and mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) content. Adding 1.0% aviation spray adjuvant to the spray solution can significantly increase the droplet density and deposition amount in different layers of wheat canopy. The wheat yield increased by 6.94% compared with the treatment areas without spray adjuvant. Meanwhile, the prothioconazole and DON mycotoxin were not detected in the wheat grains. Based on these results, we conclude that the addition of aviation spray adjuvant can also not only ensure the high control effect of prothioconazole on FHB in wheat and increase wheat yield, but also greatly reduce the content of DON mycotoxin and ensure the safety of wheat production. This study is expected to provide theoretical guidance and data support for applying spray adjuvants in the field of plant protection UAVs in modern intensive sustainable agriculture.

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