scholarly journals VaNetChain: A Framework for Trustworthy Exchanges of Information in VANETs Based on Blockchain and a Virtualization Layer

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7930
Author(s):  
Paúl Vintimilla-Tapia ◽  
Jack Bravo-Torres ◽  
Martín López-Nores ◽  
Pablo Gallegos-Segovia ◽  
Esteban Ordóñez-Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Smart Environment ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
Reputation Mechanisms ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) face challenges related to the reliability of the data exchanged and the unstability of the communication links. These shortcomings have hampered the development of the long-awaited applications that would turn roads into a smart environment. We present a framework to deploy such services, in which a virtualization layer ensures means to efficiently deliver messages between vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) and, on top of that, blockchain technology is used to enable features of data integrity, traceability, and reliability that cannot be furnished by existing consensus and reputation mechanisms. A simulation experiment is included to determine the optimal number of RSUs to be installed as supporting infrastructure in a city.

scholarly journals Flying Ad Hoc Networks: A New Domain for Network Communications

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Guillen-Perez ◽  
Maria-Dolores Cano
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
5 Ghz ◽  
The Impact

The advent of flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) has opened an opportunity to create new added-value services. Even though it is clear that these networks share common features with its predecessors, e.g., with mobile ad hoc networks and with vehicular ad hoc networks, there are several unique characteristics that make FANETs different. These distinctive features impose a series of guidelines to be considered for its successful deployment. Particularly, the use of FANETs for telecommunication services presents demanding challenges in terms of quality of service, energy efficiency, scalability, and adaptability. The proper use of models in research activities will undoubtedly assist to solve those challenges. Therefore, in this paper, we review mobility, positioning, and propagation models proposed for FANETs in the related scientific literature. A common limitation that affects these three topics is the lack of studies evaluating the influence that the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) may have in the on-board/embedded communication devices, usually just assuming isotropic or omnidirectional radiation patterns. For this reason, we also investigate in this work the radiation pattern of an 802.11 n/ac (WiFi) device embedded in a UAV working on both the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. Our findings show that the impact of the UAV is not negligible, representing up to a 10 dB drop for some angles of the communication links.

Handoff Schemes in Mobile Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Libin Thomas ◽  
J Sandeep ◽  
Bhargavi Goswami ◽  
Joy Paulose
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Environments ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Handoff Schemes

Vehicular ad-hoc networks are one of the most popular applications of Ad-hoc networks, where networks are formed without any sort of physical connecting medium and can be formed whenever required. It is an area in networks that has enjoyed a considerable amount of attention for quite some time. Due to the highly mobile environment where these networks find their usability, it can be understood that there are a lot of problems with respect to maintaining the communication links between the moving vehicular nodes and the static infrastructures which act as the access points (AP) for these moving vehicular mobile nodes (MN). The coverage area of each AP is limited and as such, the connections need to be re-established time and again between the MNs and the closest accessible AP. Handoff is the process involved here, which deals with selecting the optimal APs as well as the best network available for data transmission. In this article, the authors compare various handoff methods and categorize them based on the different approaches they follow.

scholarly journals Trust and Reputation Mechanisms in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 387-402
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Tyagi ◽  
A. Mohan Krishna ◽  
Shaveta Malik ◽  
Meghna Manoj Nair ◽  
Sreenath Niladhuri
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Trust And Reputation ◽  
Reputation Mechanisms ◽  
Hoc Networks

scholarly journals V-Lattice: A Lightweight Blockchain Architecture Based on DAG-Lattice Structure for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Ru Li ◽  
Wenhan Hou ◽  
Hui Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Roadside Unit ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Malicious Behaviors

With the development of wireless communication technology and the automobile industry, the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks bring many conveniences to humans in terms of safety and entertainment. In the process of communication between the nodes, security problems are the main concerns. Blockchain is a decentralized distributed technology used in nonsecure environments. Using blockchain technology in the VANETs can solve the security problems. However, the characteristics of highly dynamic and resource-constrained VANETs make the traditional chain blockchain system not suitable for actual VANETs scenarios. Therefore, this paper proposes a lightweight blockchain architecture using DAG-lattice structure for VANETs, called V-Lattice. In V-Lattice, each node (vehicle or roadside unit) has its own account chain. The transactions they generated can be added to the blockchain asynchronously and parallelly, and resource-constrained vehicles can store the pruned blockchain and execute blockchain related operations normally. At the same time, in order to encourage more nodes to participate in the blockchain, a reputation-based incentive mechanism is introduced in V-Lattice. This paper uses Colored Petri Nets to verify the security of the architecture and verifies the feasibility of PoW anti-spam through experiment. The validation results show that the architecture proposed in this paper is security, and it is feasible to prevent nodes from generating malicious behaviors by using PoW anti-spam.

scholarly journals The Convergent Routing Scheme for Graph-Based Mechanism in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Chinnadurai S ◽  
Abinaya R
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Routing Scheme ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Reliability

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a special form of wireless networks made by vehicles communicating among themselves on roads. The conventional routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) work poorly in VANETs. As communication links break more frequently in VANETs than in MANETs, the routing reliability of such highly dynamic networks needs to be paid special attention. To date, very little research has focused on the routing reliability of VANETs on highways. In this paper, we use the evolving graph theory to model the VANET communication graph on a highway. The extended evolving graph helps capture the evolving characteristics of the vehicular network topology and determines the reliable routes preemptively. This paper is the first to propose an evolving graph-based reliable routing scheme for VANETs to facilitate quality-of-service (QoS) support in the routing process. A new algorithm is developed to find the most reliable route in the VANET evolving graph from the source to the destination. We demonstrate, through the simulation results, that our proposed scheme significantly outperforms the related protocols in the literature.

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