scholarly journals Structural Application of Eco-Friendly Composites from Recycled Wood Fibres Bonded with Magnesium Lignosulfonate

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Antov ◽  
Vassil Jivkov ◽  
Viktor Savov ◽  
Ralitsa Simeonova ◽  
Nikolay Yavorov
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Minimum Requirements

The pulp and paper industry generates substantial amounts of solid waste and wastewater, which contain waste fibres. The potential of using these recycled wood fibres for producing eco-friendly composites that were bonded with a formaldehyde-free adhesive (magnesium lignosulfonate) and their use in structural applications was evaluated in this study. Fibreboards were produced in the laboratory with a density of 720 kg·m−3 and 15% magnesium lignosulfonate gluing content, based on the dry fibres. The mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and internal bond strength), physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) and formaldehyde content were determined and compared with the European Standards requirements for wood-based panels. In general, the laboratory-produced panels demonstrated acceptable mechanical properties, such as bending strength (18.5 N·mm−2) and modulus of elasticity (2225 N·mm−2), which were higher than the minimum requirements for type P2 particleboards and equal to the requirements for MDF panels. The moisture properties, i.e., thickness swelling (24 h) and water absorption (24 h) significantly deteriorated. The free formaldehyde content of the laboratory-produced composites (1.1 mg/100 g) reached the super E0 grade (≤1.5 mg/100 g), which allowed for their classification as eco-friendly, low-emission wood-based composites. The L-type corner joints, made from the developed composites, demonstrated significantly lower bending capacity (from 2.5 to 6.5 times) compared to the same joints made from MDF panels. Nevertheless, the new eco-friendly composites can be efficiently utilised as a structural material in non-load-bearing applications.

scholarly journals Walnut and Hazelnut Shells: Untapped Industrial Resources and Their Suitability in Lignocellulosic Composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Cătălin Barbu ◽  
Thomas Sepperer ◽  
Eugenia Mariana Tudor ◽  
Alexander Petutschnigg
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Brinell Hardness ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Hazelnut Shell ◽  
Hazelnut Shells

Walnut and hazelnut shells are agricultural by-products, available in high quantities during the harvest season. The potential of using these two agricultural residues as raw materials in particleboard production has been evaluated in this study. Different panels with either walnut or hazelnut shells in combination with melamine-urea formaldehyde or polyurethane at the same level of 1000 kg/m3 density were produced in a laboratory hot press and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, bending strength, and Brinell hardness) and physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) were determined, together with formaldehyde content. Although Brinell hardness was 35% to 65% higher for the nutshell-based panels, bending strength and modulus of elasticity were 40% to 50% lower for the melamine-urea formaldehyde bonded nutshells compared to spruce particleboards, but was 65% higher in the case of using polyurethane. Water absorption and thickness swelling could be reduced significantly for the nutshell-based boards compared to the spruce boards (the values recorded ranged between 58% to 87% lower as for the particleboards). Using polyurethane as an adhesive has benefits for water uptake and thickness swelling and also for bending strength and modulus of elasticity. The free formaldehyde content of the lignocellulosic-based panels was included in the E0 category (≤2.5 mg/100 g) for both walnut and hazelnut shell raw materials and the use of polyurethane improved these values to super E0 category (≤1.5 mg/100 g).

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Petar Antov ◽  
Viktor Savov ◽  
Ľuboš Krišťák ◽  
Roman Réh ◽  
George I. Mantanis
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Density ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Natural Wood ◽  
European Standards

The potential of producing eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free, high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels from hardwood fibers bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and a novel ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) is investigated in this paper. HDF panels were fabricated in the laboratory by applying a very low UF gluing factor (3%) and ALS content varying from 6% to 10% (based on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboards, such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), as well as formaldehyde content, were determined in accordance with the corresponding European standards. Overall, the HDF panels exhibited very satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, fully complying with the standard requirements of HDF for use in load-bearing applications in humid conditions. Markedly, the formaldehyde content of the laboratory fabricated panels was extremely low, ranging between 0.7–1.0 mg/100 g, which is, in fact, equivalent to the formaldehyde release of natural wood.

An attempt to use „Tetra Pak” waste material in particleboard technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Radosław Auriga ◽  
Piotr Borysiuk ◽  
Alicja Auriga
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Core Layer ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
The Core ◽  
Tetra Pak ◽  
The Impact

An attempt to use „Tetra Pak” waste material in particleboard technology. The study investigates the effect of addition Tetra Pak waste material in the core layer on physical and mechanical properties of chipboard. Three-layer chipboards with a thickness of 16 mm and a density of 650 kg / m3 were manufactured. The share of Tetra Pak waste material in the boards was varied: 0%, 5%, 10% and 25%. The density profile was measured to determine the impact of Tetra Pak share on the density distribution. In addition, the manufactured boards were tested for strength (MOR, MOE, IB), thickness swelling and water absorption after immersion in water for 2 and 24 hours. The tests revealed that Tetra Pak share does not affect significantly the value of static bending strength and modulus of elasticity of the chipboard, but it significantly decreases IB. Also, it has been found that Tetra Pak insignificantly decreases the value of swelling and water absorption of the chipboards.

scholarly journals Relationships between Thermoplastic Type and Properties of Polymer-Triticale Boards

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radosław Mirski ◽  
Pavlo Bekhta ◽  
Dorota Dziurka
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
The Face

This study examined the effects of selected types of thermoplastics on the physical and mechanical properties of polymer-triticale boards. The investigated thermoplastics differed in their type (polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS)), form (granulate, agglomerate) and origin (native, recycled). The resulting five-ply boards contained layers made from different materials (straw or pine wood) and featured different moisture contents (2%, 25%, and 7% for the face, middle, and core layers, respectively). Thermoplastics were added only to two external layers, where they substituted 30% of straw particles. This study demonstrated that, irrespective of their type, thermoplastics added to the face layers most favorably reduced the hydrophobic properties of the boards, i.e., thickness, swelling, and V100, by nearly 20%. The bending strength and modulus of elasticity were about 10% lower in the experimental boards than in the reference ones, but still within the limits set out in standard for P7 boards (20 N/mm2 according to EN 312).

Shungite Nanopowder as a Modificator of Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption for Three-Ply Particle Board

2016 ◽  
Vol 860 ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Borisovich Vasilyev ◽  
Gennady Nikolaevich Kolesnikov ◽  
Aleksandr Vasilyevich Pitukhin ◽  
Nikolai Gennadievich Panov ◽  
Vadim Kostyukevich
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Breaking Point ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Thickness Swelling

The article presents the methods and the results of the experimental investigation of the additive influence of shungite nanopowder when mixed in the glue for three-ply particle board. The hypothesis of shungite nanopowder influence on physical-mechanical properties, water absorption and thickness swelling of wood particle board was formulated. The results of experimental investigations proved that the optimum shungite nanopowder quantity in glue solution makes up about 10 % of absolutely dry resin mass. Wooden particles of aspen and coniferous species, as well as glue solution based on carbamide-formaldehyde resin, were used in boards manufacturing. The samples were tested in order to determine physical-mechanical properties. It was found out that the 10 % shungite nanopowder additive increases the breaking point of three-ply particle board under bending strength by 18.3-25.7 %, the breaking point of three-ply particle board under tension perpendicular to the face of board by 7.5-11.7 %. As the result of experimental investigation it was found out that the 10 % shungite nanopowder when mixed in the glue decreases water thickness swelling of three-ply particle board up to 14.2 % and water absorption by 10.6-20.1 %. The shungite nanopowder powder contained particles of 50...100 nm in size and specific surface of 120 m2/g. In the course of the experiment three-ply particle boards were used with the thickness of 15.6 mm.

scholarly journals Selected Properties of Plywood Bonded with Low-Density Polyethylene Film from Different Wood Species

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Pavlo Bekhta ◽  
Orest Chernetskyi ◽  
Iryna Kusniak ◽  
Nataliya Bekhta ◽  
Olesya Bryn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Ldpe Film

In this work, the effects of wood species and thickness of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film on the properties of environmentally-friendly plywood were studied. Rotary-cut veneers from four wood species (beech, birch, hornbeam and poplar) and LDPE film of four thicknesses (50, 80, 100 and 150 µm) as an adhesive were used for making plywood samples. The findings of this study demonstrated that plywood samples using all the investigated wood species bonded with LDPE film showed satisfactory physical–mechanical properties. Poplar veneer provided the lowest values for bending strength, modulus of elasticity and thickness swelling of all the plywood samples, but the bonding strength was at the same level as birch and hornbeam veneer. Beech plywood samples had the best mechanical properties. An increase in LDPE film thickness improved the physical–mechanical properties of plastic-bonded plywood.

scholarly journals Sifat Fisis dan Mekanis Papan Semen dari Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement Board Made from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Fibers)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djoko Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Screw Withdrawal ◽  
Cement Board

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fiber were industrial waste that has not been widely used by the community, only stacked and cause odors that interfere with the surrounding environment. This research studied the utilization of OPEFB fiber for cement board products using cement as resin and CaCl2 as accelerator. Laboratory scale cement board made from OPEFB fiber were mixed with cement, and CaCl2. The composition of fiber and cement were 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, and CaCl2 variations were 0%, 1% and 3%. A mixture of fibers, cement and CaCl2 was compressed at the pressure of 4 ton for 24 hours. The cement boards were tested for physical and mechanical properties according to JIS A 5417-1992, and the results were compared to the requirements of the cement board JIS A 5417-1992. Cement board made from fiber and cement composition 1:1.5 and CaCl2 content 3% produced moisture content, thickness swelling, water absorption, density, modulus of rupture/MOR, modulus of elasticity/MOE and screw withdrawal strength that met the requirement of JIS A 5417-1992. The composition of fiber and cement and the variations of CaCl2 content produced significant effect on water content, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture/MOR, modulus of elasticity/MOE and screw withdrawal strength on cement boards.Keywords : oil palm empty fruit bunches fiber, cement boards, physical and mechanical properties

scholarly journals Properties of Eco-Friendly Particleboards Bonded with Lignosulfonate-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives and pMDI as a Crosslinker

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 4875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Bekhta ◽  
Gregory Noshchenko ◽  
Roman Réh ◽  
Lubos Kristak ◽  
Ján Sedliačik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Adhesive Compositions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using magnesium and sodium lignosulfonates (LS) in the production of particleboards, used pure and in mixtures with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) was used as a crosslinker. In order to evaluate the effect of gradual replacement of UF by magnesium lignosulfonate (MgLS) or sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) on the physical and mechanical properties, boards were manufactured in the laboratory with LS content varying from 0% to 100%. The effect of LS on the pH of lignosulfonate-urea-formaldehyde (LS-UF) adhesive compositions was also investigated. It was found that LS can be effectively used to adjust the pH of uncured and cured LS-UF formulations. Particleboards bonded with LS-UF adhesive formulations, comprising up to 30% LS, exhibited similar properties when compared to boards bonded with UF adhesive. The replacement of UF by both LS types substantially deteriorated the water absorption and thickness swelling of boards. In general, NaLS-UF-bonded boards had a lower formaldehyde content (FC) than MgLS-UF and UF-bonded boards as control. It was observed that in the process of manufacturing boards using LS adhesives, increasing the proportion of pMDI in the adhesive composition can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the boards. Overall, the boards fabricated using pure UF adhesives exhibited much better mechanical properties than boards bonded with LS adhesives. Markedly, the boards based on LS adhesives were characterised by a much lower FC than the UF-bonded boards. In the LS-bonded boards, the FC is lower by 91.1% and 56.9%, respectively, compared to the UF-bonded boards. The boards bonded with LS and pMDI had a close-to-zero FC and reached the super E0 emission class (≤1.5 mg/100 g) that allows for defining the laboratory-manufactured particleboards as eco-friendly composites.

The possibility to use a side-timber in glulam beams manufacturing for structural applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Jakub Kawalerczyk ◽  
Marcin Kuliński ◽  
Dorota Dziurka ◽  
Radosław Mirski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Adhesive Layer ◽  
Four Point Bending ◽  
Rational Application ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Structural Applications

The possibility to use a side-timber in glulam beams manufacturing for structural applications. The aim of presented study was to determine the mechanical properties of three-layered glued structural beams manufactured with the use of side-timber pieces as an outer layers and the fragmented main yield as an inner layer. Four types of beams were pressed and tested in terms of four-point bending strength and modulus of elasticity. Variants differed from each other in the direction of the fibers in the inner layer and in the presence of adhesive layer between the fragmented wood. Studies have shown that the bending strength of the beams depended on the calculation method. Moreover, no significant effect of the inner layer arranging method on the bending strength of the beams was found. The values of modulus of elasticity (MOE) were low. The presented study is a starting point for further investigations concerning the possible way of the rational application of fragmented timber pieces and the side-timber for structural applications.

Effect of Ozone Treatment on Properties of Screw Pressed and Non-Screw Pressed Empty Fruit Bunch Medium Density Particleboard

2015 ◽  
Vol 1134 ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Roslan Ali ◽  
Mohamad Nurul Azman Mohammad Taib ◽  
Kamal Wok ◽  
Shawaluddin Tahiruddin ◽  
Mohd Amrin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Internal Bonding ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Thickness Swelling

This study was done to investigate the effects of ozone treatment as a method to improve the properties of empty fruit bunch (EFB) medium density particleboard. Two types of EFB were used in this study i.e. screw pressed and non-screw pressed empty fruit bunch. These EFB were treated in an ozone chamber for 8 hours prior to particleboard manufacturing. The mechanical properties, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Internal Bonding (IB) and physical properties, water Absorption (WA) and Thickness Swelling (TS) of EFB particleboard were determined. The results showed that the ozone treatment could increase the MOR and IB values of EFB particleboard, but had no significant effect on MOE values. For physical properties, the values showed no improvement for TS and WA. The panels manufactured using ozone treatment was found suitable for applications for furniture products.

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