scholarly journals Antenna/Body Coupling in the Near-Field at 60 GHz: Impact on the Absorbed Power Density

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7392
Author(s):  
Massinissa Ziane ◽  
Ronan Sauleau ◽  
Maxim Zhadobov
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Near Field ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equivalent Model ◽  
60 Ghz ◽  
Incident Power Density ◽  
The Impact

Wireless devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, are intended to be used in the vicinity of the human body. When an antenna is placed close to a lossy medium, near-field interactions may modify the electromagnetic field distribution. Here, we analyze analytically and numerically the impact of antenna/human body interactions on the transmitted power density (TPD) at 60 GHz using a skin-equivalent model. To this end, several scenarios of increasing complexity are considered: plane-wave illumination, equivalent source, and patch antenna arrays. Our results demonstrate that, for all considered scenarios, the presence of the body in the vicinity of a source results in an increase in the average TPD. The local TPD enhancement due to the body presence close to a patch antenna array reaches 95.5% for an adult (dry skin). The variations are higher for wet skin (up to 98.25%) and for children (up to 103.3%). Both absolute value and spatial distribution of TPD are altered by the antenna/body coupling. These results suggest that the exact distribution of TPD cannot be retrieved from measurements of the incident power density in free-space in absence of the body. Therefore, for accurate measurements of the absorbed and epithelial power density (metrics used as the main dosimetric quantities at frequencies > 6 GHz), it is important to perform measurements under conditions where the wireless device under test is perturbed in the same way as by the presence of the human body in realistic use case scenarios.

Averaging Area of Incident Power Density for Human Exposure from Patch Antenna Arrays

2018 ◽  
Vol E101.C (8) ◽  
pp. 644-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke FUNAHASHI ◽  
Takahiro ITO ◽  
Akimasa HIRATA ◽  
Takahiro IYAMA ◽  
Teruo ONISHI
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Incident Power ◽  
Incident Power Density

scholarly journals Investigation on Wireless Link for Medical Telemetry Including Impedance Matching of Implanted Antennas

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1431
Author(s):  
Ilkyu Kim ◽  
Sun-Gyu Lee ◽  
Yong-Hyun Nam ◽  
Jeong-Hae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Impedance Matching ◽  
The Body ◽  
Field Pattern ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Antenna Coupling ◽  
Medical Telemetry

The development of biomedical devices benefits patients by offering real-time healthcare. In particular, pacemakers have gained a great deal of attention because they offer opportunities for monitoring the patient’s vitals and biological statics in real time. One of the important factors in realizing real-time body-centric sensing is to establish a robust wireless communication link among the medical devices. In this paper, radio transmission and the optimal characteristics for impedance matching the medical telemetry of an implant are investigated. For radio transmission, an integral coupling formula based on 3D vector far-field patterns was firstly applied to compute the antenna coupling between two antennas placed inside and outside of the body. The formula provides the capability for computing the antenna coupling in the near-field and far-field region. In order to include the effects of human implantation, the far-field pattern was characterized taking into account a sphere enclosing an antenna made of human tissue. Furthermore, the characteristics of impedance matching inside the human body were studied by means of inherent wave impedances of electrical and magnetic dipoles. Here, we demonstrate that the implantation of a magnetic dipole is advantageous because it provides similar impedance characteristics to those of the human body.

New Technologies, Justice, and the Body

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Fabre
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Human Body ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of medical technologies on the concept of justice and the human body. Traditionally, theories of justice require individuals to transfer material resources to other individuals who are needier or worse off. But three technologies, organ transplantation, genetic engineering, and artificial wombs, have changed our obligations to one another. It appears that justice now requires us to subject our body to sometimes invasive procedures should others need our bodily resources, particular genes, or nutrients which we no longer want to provide through our body itself.

scholarly journals Numerical Study on the Feasibility of a 24 GHz ISM-Band Doppler Radar Antenna for Near-Field Sensing of Human Respiration in Electromagnetic Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungyong Park ◽  
Sungpeel Kim ◽  
Dong Kyoo Kim ◽  
Jaehoon Choi ◽  
Kyung-Young Jung
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Near Field ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ism Band ◽  
Human Respiration ◽  
Field Sensing ◽  
Radar Antenna ◽  
24 Ghz

The feasibility study of a 24 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band Doppler radar antenna in electromagnetic aspects is numerically performed for near-field sensing of human respiration. The Doppler radar antenna consists of a transmitting (Tx) antenna and a receiving (Rx) antenna close to the human body for a wearable device. The designed slot-type Doppler radar antenna is embedded between an RO4350B superstrate and an FR-4 substrate. To obtain the higher radiation pattern of the antenna towards the human body, a ground plane reflector is placed underneath the substrate. The measured −10 dB reflection coefficient (S11) bandwidth is 23.74 to 25.56 GHz and the mutual coupling (S21) between Tx and Rx antennas is lower than −30 dB at target frequencies. The Doppler radar performance of the proposed Doppler radar antenna is performed numerically by investigating the signal returned from the human body. The Doppler effect due to human respiration is investigated through the I/Q and arctangent demodulation of the returned signal. According to the results, the phase variation of the returned signal is proportional to the displacement of the body surface, which is about 0.8 rad in accordance with 1 mm displacement. The numerical experiments indicate that the proposed Doppler radar antenna can be used for near-field sensing of human respiration in electromagnetic aspects.

THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE SCHEME AND INDICATORS POWER HEAT FLOW IN THE HEAT REGULATION DEVICE OF MOBILE MACHINES

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 576-582
Author(s):  
Глемба ◽  
K. Glemba ◽  
Гриценко ◽  
A. Gritsenko ◽  
Аверьянов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Weight Changes

Identifies the main factors influencing the process of formation of the thermal state of the human body. Calculated structural parameters of thermally regulating the local device. Experimental relationships between indicators of the thermal state of the human operator and the device settings. A method of calculating the power, the dependence of the heat flux conductive panels and deficit (excess) heat in the human body. Justified and selected method of controlling the heat removal from the surface of the body of the human operator using a local thermally regulating device. We present graphical dependence of changes in the average power density of the heat flow for a given rate of decline of temperature and of total body weight; changes in power density of the heat flow and human growth. To obtain comfortable temperatures the body requires an average power density of the heat flow from the surface of the human body 268 W/m2, full capacity of the heat flow will amount to 486 watts.

scholarly journals CONSUMER ATTITUDE TOWARDS WATER PURIFY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DEHRADUN CITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 686-693
Author(s):  
Manisha A ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Brand Preference ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Local Water ◽  
The Impact

One can survive without food but not without water. A human body is comprised of 70% of water which helps in other activities of the body like digestion and metabolic processes. Water is the most critical issue in todays world and its purity is the second. Currently,Watertreatmentmethodsincludefiltrationandheatathightemperaturetokillthebacteria inside it. As a result, consumer demand for water purifier has been increases. Several companies like KENT, HUL, Tata, Eureka Forbes, LG, Bajaj etc. have entered this segment and have launched various brands of water purifiers. Existing demand has also attracted to local players who have entered in the market and assembling water purifiers in minimum cost such as Aqua fres h, Aqua plus, Aqua grand, Aqua care, Aqua pearl, Aqua pure, Liv pro, etc. They vary in size, purification technology, price, color, patterns, usage etc. This study is conducted in Dehradun city a popular tourist place in Uttarakhand. The study mainly aims to analyze the impact of brand preference of respondents on various local water purifiers available in the market. The study also focuses on the consumer behavior towards water purifiers. This research is based on both Primary Survey, 2020 and secondary data. Study finds that, maximum of the respondents is influenced by design and comfortable size of water purifier.

scholarly journals Control over the Human Body Before and After Death: The Civil Law Aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-135
Author(s):  
L. Novoselova
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Living Will ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

In this article, an attempt is made to determine the legal status of the human body (organs and tissue) both while a person is alive and after a person dies. The article discusses the points of view of various authors in relation to the possibility of considering the human body, its organs and tissue, after their separation from the body, as objects of a person’s property rights, and also as an object of a person’s non-property rights. The article argues the impossibility of qualifying the human body and the organs that were not separated from it during life as parts – and perhaps critical parts – of the existence of the total human being, as objects of real (property) rights including the rights of the persons themselves. The human body as a single object is a personal non-property benefit. The organs and tissue separated from the body may be considered objects of real rights, but on several conditions: if they were indeed separated from the body and if the person gave permission for this in a will. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the separated organs and tissue of a human being are analyzed as things (possessions) with limited turnover. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the organs and tissue separated from the body as possessions in limited turnover are reviewed as well as the impact of personal non-property rights on this status. The main focus of the article is on the legal status of the human body and the organs separated from it after death in view of the fact that transplantology and postmortem organ donation are becoming more and more widespread. This issue is analyzed in terms of the body as a whole and as it applies to the organs and tissue that are not used for transplantation. The proposal is to base our analysis on the status of the human body after death which as a rule cannot be the object of property rights. The human body is disposed of within the framework of the protection of the personal non-property rights of the deceased, including the right of physical inviolability that covers the organs and tissue separated from the body. The article characterizes the legal nature of living wills when people give instructions as to the procedure of their burial and other means of handling their body, including donation of their bodies to science. The article examines the possibility of the right of ownership to organs and tissue separated from the body after death. This right can exist if a complex legal construct is present, including a direct or assumed living will of the person. The specific characteristics of living acts concerning the possibility of after-death organ and tissue harvesting for further use, including for transplantation purposes, and the differences between such acts and last wills are determined.

scholarly journals Analysis on the Effects of the Human Body on the Performance of Electro-Textile Antennas for Wearable Monitoring and Tracking Application

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Huda Abd Rahman ◽  
Yoshihide Yamada ◽  
Muhammad Shakir Amin Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Near Field ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antenna Structure ◽  
Dielectric Characteristics ◽  
Wearable Antennas ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Substantial Drop

Previous works have shown that wearable antennas can operate ideally in free space; however, degradation in performance, specifically in terms of frequency shifts and efficiency was observed when an antenna structure was in close proximity to the human body. These issues have been highlighted many times yet, systematic and numerical analysis on how the dielectric characteristics may affect the technical behavior of the antenna has not been discussed in detail. In this paper, a wearable antenna, developed from a new electro-textile material has been designed, and the step-by-step manufacturing process is presented. Through analysis of the frequency detuning effect, the on-body behavior of the antenna is evaluated by focusing on quantifying the changes of its input impedance and near-field distribution caused by the presence of lossy dielectric material. When the antenna is attached to the top of the body fat phantom, there is an increase of 17% in impedance, followed by 19% for the muscle phantom and 20% for the blood phantom. These phenomena correlate with the electric field intensities (V/m) observed closely at the antenna through various layers of mediums (z-axis) and along antenna edges (y-axis), which have shown significant increments of 29.7% in fat, 35.3% in muscle and 36.1% in blood as compared to free space. This scenario has consequently shown that a significant amount of energy is absorbed in the phantoms instead of radiated to the air which has caused a substantial drop in efficiency and gain. Performance verification is also demonstrated by using a fabricated human muscle phantom, with a dielectric constant of 48, loss tangent of 0.29 and conductivity of 1.22 S/m.

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