scholarly journals Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Conducting Polymers: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6614
Author(s):  
Boris Lakard
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Therapy Monitoring ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Diagnostic Information ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Electroanalytical Methods ◽  
Dna Biosensors ◽  
Chemical Grafting

Conducting polymers are an important class of functional materials that has been widely applied to fabricate electrochemical biosensors, because of their interesting and tunable chemical, electrical, and structural properties. Conducting polymers can also be designed through chemical grafting of functional groups, nanostructured, or associated with other functional materials such as nanoparticles to provide tremendous improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, stability and reproducibility of the biosensor’s response to a variety of bioanalytes. Such biosensors are expected to play a growing and significant role in delivering the diagnostic information and therapy monitoring since they have advantages including their low cost and low detection limit. Therefore, this article starts with the description of electroanalytical methods (potentiometry, amperometry, conductometry, voltammetry, impedometry) used in electrochemical biosensors, and continues with a review of the recent advances in the application of conducting polymers in the recognition of bioanalytes leading to the development of enzyme based biosensors, immunosensors, DNA biosensors, and whole-cell biosensors.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Biosensors as Potential Diagnostic Devices for Autoimmune Diseases

Biosensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anca Florea ◽  
Gheorghe Melinte ◽  
Ioan Simon ◽  
Cecilia Cristea
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Therapy Monitoring ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors

An important class of biosensors is immunosensors, affinity biosensors that are based on the specific interaction between antibodies and antigens. They are classified in four classes based on the type of employed transducer: electrochemical, optical, microgravimetric, and thermometric and depending on the type of recognition elements, antibodies, aptamers, microRNAs and recently peptides are integrating parts. Those analytical devices are able to detect peptides, antibodies and proteins in various sample matrices, without many steps of sample pretreatment. Their high sensitivity, low cost and the easy integration in point of care devices assuring portability are attracting features that justify the increasing interest in their development. The use of nanomaterials, simultaneous multianalyte detection and integration on platforms to form point-of-care devices are promising tools that can be used in clinical analysis for early diagnosis and therapy monitoring in several pathologies. Taking into account the growing incidence of autoimmune disease and the importance of early diagnosis, electrochemical biosensors could represent a viable alternative to currently used diagnosis methods. Some relevant examples of electrochemical assays for autoimmune disease diagnosis developed in the last several years based on antigens, antibodies and peptides as receptors were gathered and will be discussed further.

Surface Modification of Poly(Vinylchloride) for Manufacturing Advanced Catheters

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1616-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Cristina Duta ◽  
Aurel Mihail Ţîţu ◽  
Alexandru Marin ◽  
Anton Ficai ◽  
Denisa Ficai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Structural Failure ◽  
Chemical Grafting ◽  
One Step

Polymeric materials, due to their excellent physicochemical properties and versatility found applicability in multiples areas, including biomaterials used in tissue regeneration, prosthetics (hip, artificial valves), medical devices, controlled drug delivery systems, etc. Medical devices and their applications are very important in modern medicine and the need to develop new materials with improved properties or to improve the existent materials is increasing every day. Numerous reasearches are activated in this domain in order to obtain materials/surfaces that does not have drawbacks such as structural failure, calcifications, infections or thrombosis. One of the most used material is poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) due to its unique properties, availability and low cost. The most common method used for obtaining tubular devices that meet the requirements of medical use is the surface modification of polymers without changing their physical and mechanical properties, in bulk. PVC is a hydrophobic polymer and therefore many research studies were conducted in order to increase the hydrophilicity of the surface by chemical modification in order to improve biocompatibility, to enhance wettability, reduce friction or to make lubricious or antimicrobial coatings. Surface modification of PVC can be achieved by several strategies, in only one step or, in some cases, in two or more steps by applying several techniques consecutively to obtain the desired modification / performances. The most common processes used for modifying the surface of PVC devices are: plasma treatment, corona discharge, chemical grafting, electric discharge, vapour deposition of metals, flame treatment, direct chemical modification (oxidation, hydrolysis, etc.) or even some physical modification of the roughness of the surface.

scholarly journals Nanocomposite Materials Based on Electrochemically Synthesized Graphene Polymers: Molecular Architecture Strategies for Sensor Applications

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
André Olean-Oliveira ◽  
Gilberto A. Oliveira Brito ◽  
Celso Xavier Cardoso ◽  
Marcos F. S. Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Large Specific Surface Area ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Sensor Applications

The use of graphene and its derivatives in the development of electrochemical sensors has been growing in recent decades. Part of this success is due to the excellent characteristics of such materials, such as good electrical and mechanical properties and a large specific surface area. The formation of composites and nanocomposites with these two materials leads to better sensing performance compared to pure graphene and conductive polymers. The increased large specific surface area of the nanocomposites and the synergistic effect between graphene and conducting polymers is responsible for this interesting result. The most widely used methodologies for the synthesis of these materials are still based on chemical routes. However, electrochemical routes have emerged and are gaining space, affording advantages such as low cost and the promising possibility of modulation of the structural characteristics of composites. As a result, application in sensor devices can lead to increased sensitivity and decreased analysis cost. Thus, this review presents the main aspects for the construction of nanomaterials based on graphene oxide and conducting polymers, as well as the recent efforts made to apply this methodology in the development of sensors and biosensors.

scholarly journals Review of Electrochemical DNA Biosensors for Detecting Food Borne Pathogens

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 4916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaoyun Wu ◽  
Yunzhe Zhang ◽  
Qian Yang ◽  
Ning Yuan ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dna Biosensors ◽  
Food Borne Pathogens ◽  
Chip Technology ◽  
Food Borne

The vital importance of rapid and accurate detection of food borne pathogens has driven the development of biosensor to prevent food borne illness outbreaks. Electrochemical DNA biosensors offer such merits as rapid response, high sensitivity, low cost, and ease of use. This review covers the following three aspects: food borne pathogens and conventional detection methods, the design and fabrication of electrochemical DNA biosensors and several techniques for improving sensitivity of biosensors. We highlight the main bioreceptors and immobilizing methods on sensing interface, electrochemical techniques, electrochemical indicators, nanotechnology, and nucleic acid-based amplification. Finally, in view of the existing shortcomings of electrochemical DNA biosensors in the field of food borne pathogen detection, we also predict and prospect future research focuses from the following five aspects: specific bioreceptors (improving specificity), nanomaterials (enhancing sensitivity), microfluidic chip technology (realizing automate operation), paper-based biosensors (reducing detection cost), and smartphones or other mobile devices (simplifying signal reading devices).

scholarly journals Recent Advances of Conducting Polymers and Their Composites for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. T. Luong ◽  
Tarun Narayan ◽  
Shipra Solanki ◽  
Bansi D. Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensing ◽  
And Performance

Conducting polymers (CPs) have been at the center of research owing to their metal-like electrochemical properties and polymer-like dispersion nature. CPs and their composites serve as ideal functional materials for diversified biomedical applications like drug delivery, tissue engineering, and diagnostics. There have also been numerous biosensing platforms based on polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPY), polythiophene (PTP), and their composites. Based on their unique properties and extensive use in biosensing matrices, updated information on novel CPs and their role is appealing. This review focuses on the properties and performance of biosensing matrices based on CPs reported in the last three years. The salient features of CPs like PANI, PPY, PTP, and their composites with nanoparticles, carbon materials, etc. are outlined along with respective examples. A description of mediator conjugated biosensor designs and enzymeless CPs based glucose sensing has also been included. The future research trends with required improvements to improve the analytical performance of CP-biosensing devices have also been addressed.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Microfabrication Tool Box

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmet ◽  
Rodrigues ◽  
Yildirim ◽  
Challa ◽  
Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Screen Printing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Vitro Diagnostic ◽  
Key Enabling Technologies

Microsystems are key enabling technologies, with applications found in almost every industrial field, including in vitro diagnostic, energy harvesting, automotive, telecommunication, drug screening, etc. Microsystems, such as microsensors and actuators, are typically made up of components below 1000 microns in size that can be manufactured at low unit cost through mass-production. Yet, their development for commercial or educational purposes has typically been limited to specialized laboratories in upper-income countries due to the initial investment costs associated with the microfabrication equipment and processes. However, recent technological advances have enabled the development of low-cost microfabrication tools. In this paper, we describe a range of low-cost approaches and equipment (below £1000), developed or adapted and implemented in our laboratories. We describe processes including photolithography, micromilling, 3D printing, xurography and screen-printing used for the microfabrication of structural and functional materials. The processes that can be used to shape a range of materials with sub-millimetre feature sizes are demonstrated here in the context of lab-on-chips, but they can be adapted for other applications. We anticipate that this paper, which will enable researchers to build a low-cost microfabrication toolbox in a wide range of settings, will spark a new interest in microsystems.

scholarly journals 2D Materials in Development of Electrochemical Point-of-Care Cancer Screening Devices

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mohammadniaei ◽  
Huynh Vu Nguyen ◽  
My Van Tieu ◽  
Min-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Screening ◽  
2D Materials ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Cancer Diagnostics ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
2D Material

Effective cancer treatment requires early detection and monitoring the development progress in a simple and affordable manner. Point-of care (POC) screening can provide a portable and inexpensive tool for the end-users to conveniently operate test and screen their health conditions without the necessity of special skills. Electrochemical methods hold great potential for clinical analysis of variety of chemicals and substances as well as cancer biomarkers due to their low cost, high sensitivity, multiplex detection ability, and miniaturization aptitude. Advances in two-dimensional (2D) material-based electrochemical biosensors/sensors are accelerating the performance of conventional devices toward more practical approaches. Here, recent trends in the development of 2D material-based electrochemical biosensors/sensors, as the next generation of POC cancer screening tools, are summarized. Three cancer biomarker categories, including proteins, nucleic acids, and some small molecules, will be considered. Various 2D materials will be introduced and their biomedical applications and electrochemical properties will be given. The role of 2D materials in improving the performance of electrochemical sensing mechanisms as well as the pros and cons of current sensors as the prospective devices for POC screening will be emphasized. Finally, the future scopes of implementing 2D materials in electrochemical POC cancer diagnostics for the clinical translation will be discussed.

An Efficient Simple Hydrothermal Method to Synthesis FeS2 Microspheres and their Optical Property

2016 ◽  
Vol 847 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Yu Xuan Liang ◽  
Peng Peng Bai ◽  
Shu Qi Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Optical And Electrical Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Synthetic Sample ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Type ◽  
Good Uniformity

Pyrite (FeS2) is an important semiconductor material which shows various excellent optical and electrical properties and extensive applied prospect as a new-type, photoelectrical functional materials. In this study, a low cost and efficient simple hydrothermal two-step synthetic method was given to obtain FeS2 microspheres with 2-3 μm in diameter. The obtained products were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis). XRD showed that the synthetic sample consisted of two crystal structures of FeS2, pyrite and marcasite. SEM observation indicated that FeS2 microspheres were well crystallized and had good uniformity. UV-Vis spectrum had a strong optical absorption in the region of 200-400 nm wave length. The reaction temperature had an impact on the size of FeS2 microspheres. A possible mechanism for the size of the FeS2 microspheres generated at high temperature is smaller than that at low temperature is discussed.

Preparation and Characterization of Tubular Composite Membranes and their Application in Water Flow Measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 912 ◽  
pp. 263-268
Author(s):  
Rochélia Silva Souza Cunha ◽  
Joseane Damasceno Mota ◽  
Mariaugusta Ferreira Mota ◽  
Meiry Gláucia Freire Rodrigues ◽  
Fabricio Machado
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Composite Membranes ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

The latest technologies require materials with combination of properties that are not usually found in conventional materials. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials emerge as alternatives to the synthesis of low cost new functional materials. The constituent polymer-clay nanocomposites are intended effectively for the treatment of oily effluents. The removal of oily effluents was evaluated using composite membranes with different nanocomposite percentages, consisting of a mineral clay BrasgelTM smaller than 2 μm and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. The sample of clay was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), while the membranes by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The produced composite membranes efficiencies were evaluated by continuous flow for 1 hour. The results clearly confirmed that membranes incorporated with a higher percentage of nanocomposites achieved greater stability and less time as assessed in water flow.

Classification of Spatially Confined Reactions and the Electrochemical Applications of Molybdenum-Based Nanocomposites

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 587
Author(s):  
Sitong Guo ◽  
Wen Tan ◽  
Jiyicheng Qiu ◽  
Jinlong Du ◽  
Zhanxu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Material Synthesis ◽  
Electrochemical Application ◽  
And Performance

As a popular material synthesis method, spatially confined reactions have been gradually recognised for their excellent performance in the field of current materials synthesis. In recent years, molybdenum-based catalysts have gradually gained recognition due to high natural reserves of Mo, its low cost, and many other advantages, and they have wide applications in the area of functional materials, especially in topical areas such as batteries and electrocatalysts. In this context, spatially confined reactions have become widely to obtain various types of molybdenum-based electrode materials and electrocatalysts which result in an excellent morphology, structure, and performance. In this review, the concept of a spatially confined reaction system and the electrochemical application (electrode materials and electrocatalyst) of molybdenum-based materials synthesised in this way are comprehensively discussed. The current problems and future development and application of molybdenum-based materials are also discussed in this review.

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