scholarly journals Tongue Posture, Tongue Movements, Swallowing, and Cerebral Areas Activation: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 6027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Scoppa ◽  
Sabina Saccomanno ◽  
Gianluca Bianco ◽  
Alessio Pirino
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Tongue Protrusion ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
Parietal Lobule

The aim of this study was to pinpoint the cerebral regions implicated during swallowing by comparing the brain activation areas associated with two different volitional movements: tongue protrusion and tongue elevation. Twenty-four healthy subjects (11—males 22 ± 2.9 y; 13—females 23 ± 4.1 y; were examined through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing two different swallowing tasks: with tongue protrusion and with tongue elevation. The study was carried out with the help of fMRI imaging which assesses brain signals caused by changes in neuronal activity in response to sensory, motor or cognitive tasks. The precentral gyrus and the cerebellum were activated during both swallowing tasks while the postcentral gyrus, thalamus, and superior parietal lobule could be identified as large activation foci only during the protrusion task. During protrusion tasks, increased activations were also seen in the left-middle and medial frontal gyrus, right thalamus, inferior parietal lobule, and the superior temporal gyrus (15,592-voxels; Z-score 5.49 ± 0.90). Tongue elevation activated a large volume of cortex portions within the left sub-gyral cortex and minor activations in both right and left inferior parietal lobules, right postcentral gyrus, lentiform nucleus, subcortical structures, the anterior cingulate, and left insular cortex (3601-voxels; Z-score 5.23 ± 0.52). However, the overall activation during swallowing tasks with tongue elevation, was significantly less than swallowing tasks with tongue protrusion. These results suggest that tongue protrusion (on inferior incisors) during swallowing activates a widely distributed network of cortical and subcortical areas than tongue elevation (on incisor papilla), suggesting a less economic and physiologically more complex movement. These neuromuscular patterns of the tongue confirm the different purpose of elevation and protrusion during swallowing and might help professionals manage malocclusions and orofacial myofunctional disorders.

Examination of processing speed deficits in multiple sclerosis using functional magnetic resonance imaging

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
HELEN M. GENOVA ◽  
FRANK G. HILLARY ◽  
GLENN WYLIE ◽  
BART RYPMA ◽  
JOHN DELUCA
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Group Processing

AbstractAlthough it is known that processing speed deficits are one of the primary cognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis (MS), the underlying neural mechanisms responsible for impaired processing speed remain undetermined. Using BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging, the current study compared the brain activity of 16 individuals with MS to 17 healthy controls (HCs) during performance of a processing speed task, a modified version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Task. Although there were no differences in performance accuracy, the MS group was significantly slower than HCs. Although both groups showed similar activation involving the precentral gyrus and occipital cortex, the MS showed significantly less cerebral activity than HCs in bilateral frontal and parietal regions, similar to what has been reported in aging samples during speeded tasks. In the HC group, processing speed was mediated by frontal and parietal regions, as well as the cerebellum and thalamus. In the MS group, processing speed was mediated by insula, thalamus and anterior cingulate. It therefore appears that neural networks involved in processing speed differ between MS and HCs, and our findings are similar to what has been reported in aging, where damage to both white and gray matter is linked to processing speed impairments (JINS, 2009, 15, 383–393).

scholarly journals Narcolepsy type 1 patients have abnormal brain activation to neutral-rated movies in humor-paradigm

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde T. Juvodden ◽  
Dag Alnæs ◽  
Martina J. Lund ◽  
Espen Dietrichs ◽  
Per M. Thorsby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Permutation Testing ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus

AbstractNarcolepsy type 1 is a neurological sleep disorder mainly characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, fragmented night sleep, and cataplexy (muscle atonia triggered by emotions). To characterize brain activation patterns in response to neutral-rated and fun-rated movies in narcolepsy type 1 we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging during a paradigm consisting of 30 short movies (25/30 with a humorous punchline; 5/30 without a humorous punchline (but with similar build-up/anticipation)) that the participants rated based on their humor experience. We included 41 narcolepsy type 1 patients (31 females, mean age 23.6 years, 38/41 H1N1-vaccinated, 41/41 HLA-DQB1*06:02-positive, 40/40 hypocretin-deficient) and 44 first-degree relatives (24 females, mean age 19.6 years, 30/44 H1N1-vaccinated, 27/44 HLA-DQB1*06:02-positive) as controls. Group-level inferences were made using permutation testing.Permutation testing revealed no significant differences in the average ratings of patients and controls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis revealed that both groups showed higher activations in response to fun-rated movies in several brain regions associated with humor processing, with no significant group differences. In contrast, patients showed significantly higher activation compared to controls during neutral-rated movies; including bilaterally in the thalamus, pallidum, putamen, amygdala, hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus, cerebellum, brainstem and in the left precuneus, supramarginal gyrus and caudate.The presence of a humorous punchline in a neutral-rated movie is important since we found no brain overactivation for narcolepsy type 1 patients for movies without a humorous punchline (89.0% neutral-rated) compared with controls.Further, a comparison between fun-rated and neutral-rated movies revealed a pattern of higher activation during fun-rated movies in controls, patients showed no significant differentiation between these states. Group analyses revealed significantly stronger differentiation between fun-rated and neutral-rated movies in controls compared with patients, including bilaterally in the inferior frontal gyrus, thalamus, putamen, precentral gyrus, lingual gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, occipital areas, temporal areas, cerebellum and in the right hippocampus, postcentral gyrus, pallidum and insula.In conclusion, during neutral-rated movies, narcolepsy type 1 patients showed significantly higher activation in several cortical and subcortical regions previously implicated in humor and REM sleep, including the thalamus and basal ganglia. The relative lack of differentiation between neutral-rated and fun-rated movies in narcolepsy type 1 patients might represent insight into the mechanisms associated with cataplexy, in which a long-lasting hypervigilant state could represent risk (hypersensitivity to potential humorous stimuli) for the narcolepsy type 1 patients, which seem to have a lower threshold for activating the humor response, even during neutral-rated movies.

A Detailed Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Frontal Language Area: A Comparative Study With Extraoperative Electrocortical Stimulation

Neurosurgery ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoto Kunii ◽  
Kyousuke Kamada ◽  
Takahiro Ota ◽  
Kensuke Kawai ◽  
Nobuhito Saito
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Eloquent Areas

Abstract BACKGROUND: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a less invasive way of mapping brain functions. The reliability of fMRI for localizing language-related function is yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE: We performed a detailed analysis of language fMRI reliability by comparing the results of 3-T fMRI with maps determined by extraoperative electrocortical stimulation (ECS). METHODS: This study was performed on 8 epileptic patients who underwent subdural electrode placement. The tasks performed during fMRI included verb generation, abstract/concrete categorization, and picture naming. We focused on the frontal lobe, which was effectively activated by these tasks. In extraoperative ECS, 4 tasks were combined to determine the eloquent areas: spontaneous speech, picture naming, reading, and comprehension. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity with different Z score thresholds for each task and appropriate matching criteria. For further analysis, we divided the frontal lobe into 5 areas and investigated intergyrus variations in sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: The abstract/concrete categorization task was the most sensitive and specific task in fMRI, whereas the picture naming task detected eloquent areas most efficiently in ECS. The combination of the abstract/concrete categorization task and a 3-mm matching criterion gave the best tradeoff (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 61%) when the Z score was 2.24. As for intergyrus variation, the posterior inferior frontal gyrus showed the best tradeoff (sensitivity, 91%; specificity, 59%), whereas the anterior middle frontal gyrus had low specificity. CONCLUSION: Despite different tasks for fMRI and extraoperative ECS, the relatively low specificity might be caused by a fundamental discrepancy between the 2 techniques. Reliability of language fMRI activation might differ, depending on the brain region.

scholarly journals Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism during Neural Activation Measured by Positron Emission Tomography: Comparison with Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent Contrast Measured by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ito ◽  
Masanobu Ibaraki ◽  
Iwao Kanno ◽  
Hiroshi Fukuda ◽  
Shuichi Miura
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging

The discrepancy between the increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CMRO2 during neural activation causes an increase in venous blood oxygenation and, therefore, a decrease in paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin concentration in venous blood. This can be detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast. In the present study, changes in the cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) that corresponds to the ratio of CMRO2 to CBF, and in the BOLD signal during neural activation, were measured by both positron emission tomography (PET) and fMRI in the same human subjects. C15O, 15O2, and H215O PET studies were performed in each subject at rest (baseline) and during performance of a right-hand motor task. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies were then performed to measure the BOLD signal under the two conditions. During performance of the motor task, a significant increase in CBF and a significant decrease in OEF were observed in the left precentral gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right cingulate gyrus, and right cerebellum. A significant positive correlation was observed between changes in the CBF and the BOLD signal, and a significant negative correlation was observed between changes in the OEF and the BOLD signal. This supports the assumption on which BOLD contrast studies during neural activation are based.

scholarly journals Changes in Functional Connectivity of Specific Cerebral Regions in Patients with Toothache: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Shi-Nan Wu ◽  
Meng-Yao Zhang ◽  
Hui-Ye Shu ◽  
Rong-Bin Liang ◽  
Qian-Ming Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Roc Curve ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging

Objective. In order to further study the changes of cerebral functional connectivity in patients with toothache (TA), this study used the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) technique and degree centrality (DC) analysis method. Methods. Eighteen TA patients (8 males, 10 females) and 18 healthy individuals of similar age, sex, and educational levels were recruited as healthy controls (HCs) to take part in the study, and all underwent rs-fMRI examination. And DC technology was used to compare the state of their cerebral spontaneous functional activity. In order to compare the average DC values of the TA group and HC group, we used independent two-sample t -test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to compare the difference of DC values between the two groups, so as to distinguish the accuracy of TA diagnosis. Finally, we also carry out Pearson’s linear regression analysis. Results. The TA group showed higher DC values in the right lingual gyrus (RLG), right precentral gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus (LMTG) than HCs. Moreover, ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) of each cerebral region studied had high accuracy. In addition, linear analysis indicated that the DC values of the RLG were positively correlated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) ( r = 0.844 , p < 0.001 ), and the DC values of the LMTG were positively correlated with the visual analogue scale (VAS) ( r = 0.723 , p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. TA generates abnormal changes in the intrinsic activity patterns of pain-related and vision-related areas of the cerebral cortex, which will be beneficial to reveal the underlying neuropathic mechanisms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document