scholarly journals Battery Balancing Algorithm for an Agricultural Drone Using a State-of-Charge-Based Fuzzy Controller

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5277
Author(s):  
Sang-Bum Kim ◽  
Sang-Hyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Lithium Polymer Batteries ◽  
Active Balancing ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Total Capacity ◽  
Cell Balancing

In this paper, we propose an intelligent battery control system that incorporates an active balancing technique and a fuzzy controller to manage and extend the life of an agricultural drone battery efficiently. The control system includes the following key features: A battery pack balancing algorithm based on a bidirectional DC/DC converter; a cell balancing system to prevent overcharge/discharge and ensure equal control of the cell voltages; and a monitoring system and wireless link to track the real-time status of the battery, temperature, and acceleration while the drone is in operation. Each battery pack consists of six lithium polymer batteries, one fuzzy controller per cell, and supports active balancing using the developed balancing technique. The capacity of each of the battery packs in the system is 11,000 mAh, and two can be combined to provide a total capacity of 22,000 mAh.

An Enhanced Active Balancing Circuit with Reconfigurable Battery for Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (05) ◽  
pp. 762-775
Author(s):  
Gunalan K ◽  
◽  
Jesil Riba Bharathi A ◽  
Madhu Shree N ◽  
Ezhilarasi C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Voltage Level ◽  
Active Balancing ◽  
Electrical Vehicles ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Li Ion

Batteries play a vital role in Electrical Vehicles (EV). In a battery pack, voltage differences always exist due to charging and discharging cycles. It leads to an imbalance in the State of Charge (SoC) of Li-Ion battery packs. State of charge is the level of charge of an electric battery relative to its capacity. The voltage imbalances lead to the degradation of the cells by reducing their life span and usage time. Thus, a balancing circuit is necessary to maintain the same voltage level in all the cells. Also, a reconfiguration of the battery cells depending on their SoC levels and the requirement of the load can increase the usage time and life span of a battery pack. In this paper, a circuit for reconfiguration and active equalization is proposed based on a coupled inductor and switch network which can dynamically transfer charge from the cells with higher voltage to the ones with lower voltage while simultaneously delivering the load. Thus, the SoC of the cells can be balanced with an advantage of the coupled inductor ensuring faster equalization time than other balancing techniques.

scholarly journals Hybrid Natural and Forced Active Balancing Control of Battery Packs State of Charge Based on Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yewen Wei ◽  
Shuailong Dai ◽  
Jiayu Wang ◽  
Zhifei Shan ◽  
Jie Min
Keyword(s):  
Balance Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Active Balancing ◽  
Power Battery ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Natural Equilibrium ◽  
Balancing Control

Battery packs are widely used in electric vehicles, and their state-of-charge is one of the essential issues that affect the performances, whilst the balance between parallel and series cell of the battery pack always has an obvious effect. To enhance the working performance of the lithium-based power battery pack, a hybrid natural and forced active balancing control (HNFABC) strategy is proposed and adopted to the balancing circuit that is proposed in this work. These converters, which are advantageous in natural balancing and forced equalization, accelerate the balance speed of natural equilibrium in the final stage and protect the battery from being repeatedly charged and discharged. Simulation and experimental results show that HNFABC is not only simpler than other traditional balance control strategies but also faster in the equalization process. The idea of combining natural equilibrium and forced equilibrium can be inspired to be used in some related industries.

scholarly journals CONTROL SYSTEM OF A CELL BASED ON A FUZZY CONTROLLER

2019 ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Elena A. Muravyova ◽  
Tamara V. Grigorieva ◽  
Dinara R. Salikhova
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
A Cell

Repurposing of a Hybrid Vehicle Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Pack for Electrical Grid Storage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayton Balderston ◽  
John Eric Kelley ◽  
James Crowder ◽  
Thomas DeAgostino ◽  
Christopher Depcik
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Metal Hydride ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride Battery ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Hydride Battery

Climate change concerns are driving incentives to increase the fuel economy of passenger vehicles. Consequently, this has resulted in a growing prevalence of electrified vehicles (EVs) consisting of hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and fully electric vehicles. Unfortunately, EVs are often removed from the road when 70 to 80% of the original energy capacity remains in their battery pack. In order to maintain or increase the value of EV battery packs in an end-of-vehicle life scenario, there are three potential solutions: remanufacturing for re-use, recycling, or repurposing. However, the complexity of handling dissimilar battery chemistries makes both remanufacturing and recycling a significant challenge. Hence, repurposing may prove to be a more viable short-term goal of the industry. In order to explore this potential outcome, a team of undergraduate students studied the continuous cycling effects of used and refurbished Toyota® Prius nickel metal hydride battery packs. A Raspberry Pi 2 Model B microcomputer recorded relevant data, including battery pack voltage, energy input, and energy output. In combination, a Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW™) control system used this logged information to regulate charging and discharging of the battery pack. In addition, to enhance the environmental sustainability of the project, this control system acquired solar information from a nearby weather station, subsequently ensuring that the battery pack only recharged during times of peak solar radiation. Analysis of the pack’s energy balance helped to characterize the cycle life of the pack and its potential in repurposing. Others can emulate the methodology employed as a way to instruct students about the potential left in used vehicular battery packs and their possible integration with the electrical grid.

scholarly journals Scheduled Pre-Heating of Li-Ion Battery Packs for Balanced Temperature and State-of-Charge Distribution

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2212
Author(s):  
Hien Vu ◽  
Donghwa Shin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Internal Heating ◽  
Heating Efficiency ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Li Ion

Lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant performance degradation such as power/energy capacity loss and life cycle reduction in low-temperature conditions. Hence, the Li-ion battery pack is heated before usage to enhance its performance and lifetime. Recently, many internal heating methods have been proposed to provide fast and efficient pre-heating. However, the proposed methods only consider a combination of unit cells while the internal heating should be implemented for multiple groups within a battery pack. In this study, we investigated the possibility of timing control to simultaneously obtain balanced temperature and state of charge (SOC) between each cell by considering geometrical and thermal characteristics of the battery pack. The proposed method schedules the order and timing of the charge/discharge period for geometrical groups in a battery pack during internal pre-heating. We performed a pack-level simulation with realistic electro-thermal parameters of the unit battery cells by using the mutual pulse heating strategy for multi-layer geometry to acquire the highest heating efficiency. The simulation results for heating from −30 ∘ C to 10 ∘ C indicated that a balanced temperature-SOC status can be achieved via the proposed method. The temperature difference can be decreased to 0.38 ∘ C and 0.19% of the SOC difference in a heating range of 40 ∘ C with only a maximum SOC loss of 2.71% at the end of pre-heating.

scholarly journals Active Charge Equalizer of Li-Ion Battery Cells Using Double Energy Carriers

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Won Lee ◽  
Yoon-Geol Choi ◽  
Bongkoo Kang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Energy Carriers ◽  
Transfer Path ◽  
Active Balancing ◽  
Power Rate ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Cell Balancing

In this work, a new active balancing circuit is proposed. This circuit consists of a cell-access network and an energy-transfer network. The cell-access network requires 2n + 6 switches, where n is the number of cells, and creates an energy-transfer path between unbalanced cells and the energy-transfer network. The energy-transfer network has double energy carriers and simultaneously implements cell-to-pack and pack-to-cell balancing operations without overlapping. As a result, a high power rate and fast balancing operation can be achieved by using two energy carriers in a single balancing circuit. The prototype of a proposed balancing circuit was built for six cells and then tested under various conditions; all cells in the state of charge (SOC) region of 70% to 80% were equalized after 93 min, and one charging/discharging period in the SOC region of 10% to 90% was increased by 8.58% compared to the non-balancing operation. These results show that the proposed circuit is a good way to balance charges among batteries in a battery pack.

scholarly journals Active battery balancing system for electric vehicles based on cell charger

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1729
Author(s):  
Amin Amin ◽  
Alexander Christantho Budiman ◽  
Sunarto Kaleg ◽  
Sudirja Sudirja ◽  
Abdul Hapid
Keyword(s):  
Battery Pack ◽  
Battery Management System ◽  
Battery Management ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Active Balancing ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Cell imbalance can cause negative effects such as early stopping of the battery charging and discharging process which can reduce its capacity. In the previous active balancing research, the energy used for the balancing process was taken from the cell or battery pack, resulting in drop of electric vehicle driving range. In this paper, a cell charger based battery balancing system is proposed with a reduction in the number of switches. The use of a cell charger aims to increase the usable energy of the battery pack, since the energy used for the balancing process is taken directly from the grid. The use of fewer switches aims to reduce the cost and space used on the battery management system (BMS) hardware. The charger used for the balancing process has a maximum current of 3 A and a maximum voltage of 3.65 V while the number of switches used is <em>n</em>+5 for <em>n</em> batteries. A 15S1P 200 Ah LiFePO<sub>4</sub> battery pack consists of 15 cells used for testing purpose. The test results show that the time needed to equalize the 15 cell battery voltage reaches 6 hours from the difference between the highest and lowest battery cell voltages of 145.1 mV to 15.1 mV.

scholarly journals State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Based on Improved RBF Neural Networks

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Min Zheng ◽  
Dajun Du ◽  
Yihuan Li ◽  
Minrui Fei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Neural Network Model ◽  
Rbf Neural Network ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Soc Estimation ◽  
Battery Packs

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as energy storage systems and in electric vehicles due to their desirable balance of both energy and power densities as well as continual falling price. Accurate estimation of the state-of-charge (SOC) of a battery pack is important in managing the health and safety of battery packs. This paper proposes a compact radial basis function (RBF) neural model to estimate the state-of-charge (SOC) of lithium battery packs. Firstly, a suitable input set strongly correlated with the package SOC is identified from directly measured voltage, current, and temperature signals by a fast recursive algorithm (FRA). Secondly, a RBF neural model for battery pack SOC estimation is constructed using the FRA strategy to prune redundant hidden layer neurons. Then, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the kernel parameters. Finally, a conventional RBF neural network model, an improved RBF neural model using the two stage method, and a least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) model are also used to estimate the battery SOC as a comparative study. Simulation results show that generalization error of SOC estimation using the novel RBF neural network model is less than half of that using other methods. Furthermore, the model training time is much less than the LSSVM method and the improved RBF neural model using the two-stage method.

scholarly journals Active battery balancing system for electric vehicles based on cell charger

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Amin Amin ◽  
Alexander Christantho Budiman ◽  
Sunarto Kaleg ◽  
Sudirja Sudirja ◽  
Abdul Hapid
Keyword(s):  
Battery Pack ◽  
Battery Management System ◽  
Battery Management ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Active Balancing ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lifepo4 Battery ◽  
The Cost

Cell imbalance can cause negative effects such as early stopping of the battery charging and discharging process which can reduce its capacity. In the previous active balancing research, the energy used for the balancing process was taken from the cell or battery pack, resulting in drop of electric vehicle driving range. In this paper, a cell charger based battery balancing system is proposed with a reduction in the number of switches. The use of a cell charger aims to increase the usable energy of the battery pack, since the energy used for the balancing process is taken directly from the grid. The use of fewer switches aims to reduce the cost and space used on the battery management system (BMS) hardware. The charger used for the balancing process has a maximum current of 3 A and a maximum voltage of 3.65 V while the number of switches used is n+5 for n batteries. A 15S1P 200 Ah LiFePO4 battery pack consists of 15 cells used for testing purpose. The test results show that the time needed to equalize the 15 cell battery voltage reaches 6 hours from the difference between the highest and lowest battery cell voltages of 145.1 mV to 15.1 mV.

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