scholarly journals Design and Construction of a Low-Cost Test Bench for Testing Agricultural Spray Nozzles

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Longo ◽  
Giuseppe Manetto ◽  
Rita Papa ◽  
Emanuele Cerruto
Keyword(s):  
Test Bench ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
Spray Parameters ◽  
Speed Controller ◽  
Single Lens ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Phytosanitary Treatment ◽  
Imagej Software

Droplet size distribution is probably the most important feature of a spray as it affects all aspects of a phytosanitary treatment, i.e., biological, environmental, and safety aspects. This study describes a low-cost laboratory test bench able to analyze agricultural spray nozzles under realistic conditions. The design of the equipment was mainly based on the ISO 5682-1 standard. It has a couple of 3 m long rails, along which the nozzle under test moves while spraying, controlled by a closed-loop position and speed controller. The drops were captured with three Petri dishes containing silicone oil, photographed by means of a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera, and then analyzed with the ImageJ software in order to measure the usual spray parameters: the volumetric diameters, the Sauter mean diameter, and the number mean diameter. Spray trials and tuning of the system parameters were managed by means of a purposely designed user interface running on a Windows 10 PC. Some tests were carried out by using an Albuz ATR80 orange hollow cone nozzle at the working pressures of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 MPa. The results about spray quality agree with the factory information, and the whole system, even if some aspects still need improvements, has proven reliable.

scholarly journals Molecularly imprinted electrospun fiber membrane for colorimetric detection of hexanoic acid

e-Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 500-510
Author(s):  
Xiaoguang Ying ◽  
Jieyuan He ◽  
Xiao Li
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrospun Fiber ◽  
Colorimetric Detection ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Bromocresol Purple ◽  
Fiber Membrane ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Imagej Software

Abstract An imprinted electrospun fiber membrane was developed for the detection of volatile organic acids, which are key components of human body odor. In this study, hexanoic acid (HA) was selected as the target, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used as the substrate, and colorimetric detection of HA was achieved by a bromocresol purple (BCP) chromogenic agent. The results showed that the morphology of the fiber membrane was uniform and continuous, and it showed excellent selectivity and specificity to HA. Photographs of the color changes before and after fiber membrane adsorption were recorded by a camera and quantified by ImageJ software by the difference in gray value (ΔGray). This method is simple, intuitive, and low cost and has great potential for application in human odor analysis.

Investigation of the Effect of Homogenization Practice of 6063 Alloy Billets on Beta to Alpha Transformation and of the Effect of Cooling Rate on Precipitation Kinetics

2018 ◽  
Vol 941 ◽  
pp. 884-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Katsivarda ◽  
Athanasios Vazdirvanidis ◽  
George Pantazopoulos ◽  
Nikos Kolioubas ◽  
Sofia Papadopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Intermetallic Particles ◽  
Joint Research Project ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Temperature Time

A joint research project was accomplished with the aim to determine the effect of homogenization conditions (temperature, time, cooling rate) on the microstructure and hardness of 6063 alloy billets. Homogenization is crucial for the ability to extrude the piece in low cost, but mainly without defects. Thus, it is of importance to determine the most suitable homogenization conditions (temperature, time, cooling rate) and its effect on both microstructure and hardness of 6063 alloy billets. Furthermore, the size and morphology of the AlFeMnSi intermetallic particles (mean diameter, aspect ratio) and the precipitation behavior of Mg2Si constituents are examined in detail via optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resulting mean diameter and aspect ratio data generated by such measurements using OM and image analysis of the intermetallics, that are relevant to the extent of beta-to-alpha transformation, are statistically processed with “ANOVA”. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) tests are used to determine the coherency level of the particles that were precipitated during the different cooling rates and to reveal the potential for resolutioning the precipitates during billet preheating. Samples received from the plant are compared to laboratory samples in order to facilitate the process of optimization the thermal treatment and improve extrudability.

scholarly journals Atomization Quality of Twin Fluid Atomizers for Gas Turbines

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Elkotb ◽  
M. A. Elsayed Mahdy ◽  
M. E. Montaser
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Cone Angle ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Sauter Mean Diameter ◽  
Flow Number ◽  
Mean Diameter

A detailed investigation of the effect of nozzle/needle diameter ratio, normal fuel area, swirler degree, air pressure, fuel pressure on flow number, cone angle and droplet size distribution of external mixing twin fluid atomizers is given in this paper. Forty atomizers have been constructed to prevent mutual effect of various parameters. Flow number and cone angle are found to increase with nozzle/diameter ratio, and to decrease with the increase of air pressure. Optimum fuel flow is obtained at swirler angle 30-deg, while cone angle increases with increase of swirler angle. Sauter mean diameter decreases with the increase of air pressure and decrease of fuel pressure. Suitable functions are derived for droplet size distribution, Sauter mean diameter, and flow number. They are suitable to predict the geometry of the atomizer and to be used also in a prediction model for the calculation of fuel concentration and heat release.

scholarly journals The Use of Gigapixel Photogrammetry for the Understanding of Landslide Processes in Alpine Terrain

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saverio Romeo ◽  
Lucio Di Matteo ◽  
Daniel Kieffer ◽  
Grazia Tosi ◽  
Aurelio Stoppini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Sequences ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry ◽  
Experimental Application ◽  
Single Lens ◽  
Landslide Processes ◽  
3D Information

The work in this paper illustrates an experimental application for geosciences by coupling new and low cost photogrammetric techniques: Gigapixel and Structure-from-Motion (SfM). Gigapixel photography is a digital image composed of billions of pixels (≥1000 megapixels) obtained from a conventional Digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR), whereas the SfM technique obtains three-dimensional (3D) information from two-dimensional (2D) image sequences. The field test was carried out at the Ingelsberg slope (Bad Hofgastein, Austria), which hosts one of the most dangerous landslides in the Salzburg Land. The stereographic analysis carried out on the preliminary 3D model, integrated with Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (GBInSAR) data, allowed us to obtain the main fractures and discontinuities of the unstable rock mass.

Bubble Entrapment in Sprayed Films

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dalili ◽  
S. Chandra ◽  
J. Mostaghimi ◽  
H. T. Charles Fan ◽  
J. C. Simmer
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bubble Motion ◽  
Sauter Mean Diameter ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Buoyancy Forces ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Bubble Movement

A compressed air sprayer was used to spray model paint onto two glass substrates at the same time. Afterwards, one glass substrate was placed on a LED light source and still photographs were taken from the top using a DSLR camera with a timer system. The other substrate was put on a balance to record weight. Pictures and weight measurements were taken at 5 second intervals for 15 minutes. The sprayed film thickness was varied. The pictures were analyzed using ImageJ software. Bubble Count vs. Time, Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of Bubbles vs. Time as well as Weight vs. Time was plotted. It was seen that the pace of weight loss was faster for thinner films. The rate of bubble escape also depended on film thickness. It took a longer time for thicker films to lose the bubbles entrapped in them. In the first 30 seconds, large bubbles escaped due to buoyancy forces and afterwards surface-tension driven flows became dominant. There was also a lot of bubble movement in thicker films. The effect of gravity was studied as well. Gravity did not affect the bubble escape rate since a downward facing film had the same bubble count as an upward facing film confirming that bubble motion was not due to buoyancy forces alone. However, the SMD of bubbles in a downward facing film was larger than an upward facing film. Buoyancy is not a factor in bubble escape from the downward facing film and only surface-tension driven flows play a role.

scholarly journals Evaluating the potential of post-processing kinematic (PPK) georeferencing for UAV-based structure- from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry and surface change detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Zhang ◽  
Emilien Aldana-Jague ◽  
François Clapuyt ◽  
Florian Wilken ◽  
Veerle Vanacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
Surface Change ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
Single Lens ◽  
Surface Representations ◽  
Uav Images

Abstract. Images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and processed by structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry are increasingly used in geomorphology to obtain high-resolution topography data. Conventional georeferencing using ground control points (GCPs) provides reliable positioning, but the geometrical accuracy critically depends on the number and spatial layout of the GCPs. This limits the time and cost effectiveness. Direct georeferencing of the UAV images with differential GNSS, such as PPK (post-processing kinematic), may overcome these limitations by providing accurate and directly georeferenced surveys. To investigate the positional accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of digital surface models (DSMs) generated by a UAV–PPK–SfM workflow, we carried out multiple flight missions with two different camera–UAV systems: a small-form low-cost micro-UAV equipped with a high field of view (FOV) action camera and a professional UAV equipped with a digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera. Our analysis showed that the PPK solution provides the same accuracy (MAE: ca. 0.02 m, RMSE: ca. 0.03 m) as the GCP method for both UAV systems. Our study demonstrated that a UAV–PPK–SfM workflow can provide consistent, repeatable 4-D data with an accuracy of a few centimeters. However, a few flights showed vertical bias and this could be corrected using one single GCP. We further evaluated different methods to estimate DSM uncertainty and show that this has a large impact on centimeter-level topographical change detection. The DSM reconstruction and surface change detection based on a DSLR and action camera were reproducible: the main difference lies in the level of detail of the surface representations. The PPK–SfM workflow in the context of 4-D Earth surface monitoring should be considered an efficient tool to monitor geomorphic processes accurately and quickly at a very high spatial and temporal resolution.

Experimental Evaluation of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa Equation for Pneumatically Generated Aerosols Used in Flame Atomic Spectrometry

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coral Robles ◽  
Juan Mora ◽  
Antonio Canals
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
Atomic Spectrometry ◽  
Fraunhofer Diffraction ◽  
Sauter Mean Diameter ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Liquid Flows

The Nukiyama-Tanasawa equation has been checked for its applicability to predict the Sauter mean diameter of aerosols generated pneumatically under the conditions usually employed in FAAS. The measurements of droplet-size distribution have been carried out by means of a laser Fraunhofer diffraction system. The effects of both gas and liquid flows, and solvent physical properties, on experimental and calculated Sauter mean diameters of the aerosols have been studied. The results show that this equation, under normal conditions used in FAAS, correctly describes the trends of Sauter mean diameter variation of aerosols generated pneumatically with respect to the flows of nebulizing gas and liquid. Increases in liquid flow or decreases in gas flow give rise to increases in Sauter mean diameters of the aerosols. However, the absolute values predicted according to the equation far exceed the experimental Sauter mean diameters obtained, the divergences being larger at higher liquid flow/nebulizing gas flow ratios. The overestimation for water ranged from 1.8- to 8.1-fold, and for organic solvents and methanol+water mixtures from 3.6- to 13.3-fold. Under the conditions studied, experimental Sauter mean diameter values for the organic solvents and methanol+water mixtures studied were well below those found for water, under comparable conditions. This result contradicts the predictions of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa equation mainly at high liquid flow/nebulizing gas flow ratios. The main reason for this divergence is the overweighting assigned to the second term of the equation.

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