scholarly journals A Study of an Algorithm for the Surface Temperature Forecast: From Road Ice Risk to Farmland Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 4952
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara Del Vecchio ◽  
Alessandro Ceppi ◽  
Chiara Corbari ◽  
Giovanni Ravazzani ◽  
Marco Mancini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Energy Exchange ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
System Control ◽  
The North ◽  
Temperature Forecast ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Management Project

The presence of road ice has always been a key issue during winter months. A reliable forecast system capable of predicting the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and, consequently, its formation is one of the best strategies to operate towards reducing both vehicles accidents and waste of chemical solvents used for prevention which have a significant economic and environmental impact. Hence, the Meteo Expert Centre (MEC) has developed an algorithm for LST forecasts able to issue ice risk warnings as well. This algorithm operationally works every day in real-time and it is here tested, first, on a paved area of the Pedemontana Lombarda motorway and the Milano Linate airport airstrip, and, afterwards, since the LST plays a crucial role in understanding phenomena of energy exchange between soil, vegetation, and atmosphere, its knowledge and prediction becomes relevant also for other purposes such as agricultural management and irrigation system control, further experiments are carried out over two agricultural fields, one in the North and the other in the South of Italy during the SIM (Smart Irrigation Management) project. All LST analyses showed encouraging results with reasonable high values of statistical scores, in both applications on asphalted and different vegetated terrains, demonstrating that the developed algorithm has a high versatility even on completely different types of surfaces, and it can be applied as a valid tool for road ice risk warnings too.

scholarly journals Tree Water Status in Apple Orchards Measured by Means of Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Index (LST–NDVI) Trapezoidal Space Derived from Landsat 8 Satellite Images

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zare ◽  
Katrin Drastig ◽  
Manuela Zude-Sasse
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Apple Orchards

In this study, the split window (SW) method was applied for land surface temperature (LST) retrieval using Landsat 8 in two apple orchards (Glindow, Altlandsberg). Four images were acquired during high demand of irrigation water from July to August 2018. After pre-processing images, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and LST were calculated by red, NIR, and thermal bands. The results were validated by interpolated infrared thermometer (IRT) measurements using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method. In the next step, the temperature vegetation index (TVDI) was calculated based on the trapezoidal NDVI/LST space to determine the water status of apple trees in the case studies. Results show good agreement between interpolated LST using IRT measurements and remotely sensed LST calculation using SW in all satellite overpasses, where the absolute mean error was between 0.08 to 4.00 K and root mean square error (RMSE) values ranged between 0.71 and 4.23 K. The TVDI spatial distribution indicated that the trees suffered from water stress on 7 and 23 July and 8 August 2018 in Glindow apple orchard with the mean value of 0.69, 0.57, and 0.73, whereas in the Altlandsberg orchard on 17 August, the irrigation system compensated the water deficit as indicated by the TVDI value of 0.34. Moreover, a negative correlation between TVDI and vegetation water content (VWC) with correlation coefficient (r) of −0.81 was observed. The corresponding r for LST and VWC was equal to −0.89, which shows the inverse relation between water status and temperature-based indices. The results indicate that the LST and/or TVDI calculation using the proposed methods can be effectively applied for monitoring tree water status and support irrigation management in orchards using Landsat 8 satellite images without requiring ground measurements.

scholarly journals Improving the Evapotranspiration Estimation under Cloudy Condition by Extending the Ts-VI Triangle Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1516
Author(s):  
Boyang Li ◽  
Yaokui Cui ◽  
Xiaozhuang Geng ◽  
Huan Li
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Energy Exchange ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Heihe River ◽  
Main Process ◽  
In Situ Data

Evapotranspiration (ET) of soil-vegetation system is the main process of the water and energy exchange between the atmosphere and the land surface. Spatio-temporal continuous ET is vitally important to agriculture and ecological applications. Surface temperature and vegetation index (Ts-VI) triangle ET model based on remote sensing land surface temperature (LST) is widely used to monitor the land surface ET. However, a large number of missing data caused by the presence of clouds always reduces the availability of the main parameter LST, thus making the remote sensing-based ET estimation unavailable. In this paper, a method to improve the availability of ET estimates from Ts-VI model is proposed. Firstly, continuous LST product of the time series is obtained using a reconstruction algorithm, and then, the reconstructed LST is applied to the estimate ET using the Ts-VI model. The validation in the Heihe River Basin from 2009 to 2011 showed that the availability of ET estimates is improved from 25 days per year (d/yr) to 141 d/yr. Compared with the in situ data, a very good performance of the estimated ET is found with RMSE 1.23 mm/day and R2 0.6257 at point scale and RMSE 0.32 mm/day and R2 0.8556 at regional scale. This will improve the understanding of the water and energy exchange between the atmosphere and the land surface, especially under cloudy conditions.

scholarly journals Simulation of the Occurrence of Water Runoff in Soils Under Cultivation of Industrial Tomato Irrigated by Center Pivot

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Diogo. H. M. Moraes ◽  
José Alves Júnior ◽  
Marcio Mesquita ◽  
Adão. W. P. Evangelista ◽  
Derblai Casaroli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Numerical Technique ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Clayey Soils ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Different Types

The tomato crop is almost totally irrigated. Among the irrigation methods utilized, mechanized sprinkling by center pivot stands out in tomato cultivation. A cultural treatment used in the tomato is the synchronization of the irrigations with the applications of the pesticides since with the leaf wetting the plants become unprotected and susceptible to diseases. In an attempt to reduce pesticide applications, growers seek to increase the time between irrigations, however, there are limitations, inherent to the soil and the irrigation system itself. The objective of this work was to simulate the soil water runoff tendency for irrigation management in the tomato crop, simulating three different types of soils (sandy, medium and clayey), three declines (0, 5 and 10%), and two types of deflectors (I-Wob and Spray). For this, four pivot sizes (25, 50, 75 and 100 ha) were defined and the methodology of maximum allowable precipitation estimated by the Newton-Raphson numerical technique was used to verify the different runoff conditions. The results showed that clayey soils are more susceptible when compared to medium and sandy soils, to surface runoff. Pivots of 100, 75 and 50 ha present greater susceptibility to runoff, with 25 ha being the best suitability for infiltration capacity in both soils. There is a percentage reduction of the maximum allowable rainfall of 40.74 % (±1.54) when the terrain is plan and pass to have 5% inclination and 22.99% (±1.47) between 5 and 10 %. I-Wob type deflectors have a better distribution of application, a consequently better relation with the maximum allowable precipitation intensity and less possibility of the surface runoff.

Changes in Vegetation Condition and Surface Fluxes during NAME 2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1810-1820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Watts ◽  
Russell L. Scott ◽  
Jaime Garatuza-Payan ◽  
Julio C. Rodriguez ◽  
John H. Prueger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
North American ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
North American Monsoon ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
The North ◽  
Dry Spell

Abstract The vegetation in the core region of the North American monsoon (NAM) system changes dramatically after the onset of the summer rains so that large changes may be expected in the surface fluxes of radiation, heat, and moisture. Most of this region lies in the rugged terrain of western Mexico and very few measurements of these fluxes have been made in the past. Surface energy balance measurements were made at seven sites in Sonora, Mexico, and Arizona during the intensive observation period (IOP) of the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) in summer 2004 to better understand how land surface vegetation change alters energy flux partitioning. Satellite data were used to obtain time series for vegetation indices and land surface temperature for these sites. The results were analyzed to contrast conditions before the onset of the monsoon with those afterward. As expected, precipitation during the 2004 monsoon was highly variable from site to site, but it fell in greater quantities at the more southern sites. Likewise, large changes in the vegetation index were observed, especially for the subtropical sites in Sonora. However, the changes in the broadband albedo were very small, which was rather surprising. The surface net radiation was consistent with the previous observations, being largest for surfaces that are transpiring and cool, and smallest for surfaces that are dry and hot. The largest evaporation rates were observed for the subtropical forest and riparian vegetation sites. The evaporative fraction for the forest site was highly correlated with its vegetation index, except during the dry spell in August. This period was clearly detected in the land surface temperature data, which rose steadily in this period to a maximum at its end.

scholarly journals Effect of Land Cover Change and Elevation on Decadal Trend of Land Surface Temperature: A Linear Model with Sum Contrast Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahidan Abdulmana ◽  
Apiradee Lim ◽  
Sangdao Wongsai ◽  
Noppachai Wongsai
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The North ◽  
Decadal Trend

Abstract Land surface temperature (LST) is a significant factor in surface energy balance and global climatology studies. Land cover (LC) and elevation are two factors that affect the change of LST, and their effects depend on different geography. This study aims to demonstrate an alternative approach to examine the change of LST during 20 years (2001 to 2020) on Taiwan Island and to investigate the effect of LC change and elevation on a decadal trend of LST using a linear model that adjusting for each determinate factor. MODIS LST and LC data, as well as GMTED2010 elevation product, were downloaded available website. The natural cubic spline function was used to model annual seasonal patterns in LST. Linear regression model was used to estimate decadal change of long-term LST time series. Weighted sum contrasts linear regression was used to assess the effect of LC transformation and elevation on the decadal LST change by comparing adjusting mean of all factors. The adopted analysis method was an appropriate approach to assess categorical factors than those based on treatment contrasts, requiring specifying a control group to compare means and confidence intervals. Results showed that there was an increase in LST for most of the island. The average daytime and nighttime LST trends were 0.12 and 0.31°C/decade, respectively. However, areas in the southern part of the north-south direction mountain range show a statistically significant increase in LST in both daytime and nighttime. The major landslides caused this noticeable change of surface temperature due to the catastrophic damage of typhoon Morakot in 2009. The results also revealed that the different pattern of LC change has a significant effect on daytime LST, but not on nighttime LST trends. The elevation above 600 m had affected both daytime and nighttime LSTs.

scholarly journals The importance of spatial configuration of neighbouring land cover for explanation of surface temperature of individual patches in urban landscapes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Zawadzka ◽  
J. A. Harris ◽  
R. Corstanje
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Zone Of Influence ◽  
Accuracy Of Results ◽  
Fine Resolution

Abstract Context Relationships between spatial configuration of urban form and land surface temperature (LST) in the excess heat mitigation context are studied over larger tracts of land not allowing for micro-scale recommendations to urban design. Objectives To identify spatial configuration descriptors (SCDs) of urban form and the size of zone of influence conducive to the formation of the coldest and hottest land cover (LC) patches of different types (buildings, grass, paved and trees) from 2 m resolution LC and 2 and 100 m resolution LST maps at two time-steps in the summer. Methods Random Forest regression models were deployed to explain the LST of individual LC patches of different types based on SCDs of core LC patches and patches in their neighbourhoods. ANOVA was used to determine significantly different values of the most important SCDs associated with the coldest and hottest LC patches, and analysis of quartiles informed specification of their ranges. Results Urban form in the immediate neighbourhood to the core LC patches had a strong influence on their LST. Low elevation, high proximity to water, and high aggregation of trees, being important to the formation of the coldest patches of all types. High resolution of LST contributed to a higher accuracy of results. Elevation and proximity to water gained in importance as summer progressed. Conclusions Spatial configuration of urban form in the nearest proximity to individual LC patches and the use of fine resolution LST data are essential for issuing heat mitigation recommendations to urban planners relevant to micro-scales.

scholarly journals Decadal Covariability of the Northern Wintertime Land Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Circulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Yu ◽  
X. L. Wang ◽  
X. B. Zhang ◽  
J. Cole ◽  
Y. Feng
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Temperature Anomalies ◽  
The North ◽  
Decadal Scale

Abstract The decadal covariability of northern wintertime land surface temperature and 500-hPa geopotential anomalies is examined using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research and the Twentieth-Century Reanalyses over the twentieth century and a 996-yr preindustrial climate simulation from the Canadian Earth System Model. Based on the reanalysis data, the covariability is dominated by two leading maximum covariance analysis (MCA) modes. MCA1 is characterized by temperature anomalies over most of Canada, the eastern United States, Mexico, and Eurasian mid- to high latitudes, accompanied by anomalies of opposite sign elsewhere over northern landmasses. MCA2 features temperature anomalies over most of North America, Eurasia, and Greenland with opposite anomalies elsewhere. In the upper troposphere the synoptic vorticity fluxes reinforce the anomalous circulation, while in the lower troposphere advection by the anomalous mean flow offsets the eddy forcing and maintains the decadal temperature perturbation. The MCA1-associated variability has a broad spectrum over decadal–interdecadal time scales, while the MCA2-related variability has a significant power peak around 20 yr. The change of temperature and geopotential trends around 1990 tends to be a decadal-scale shift in winter and has significant features of the leading mode of the decadal covariability. The climate model has broadly similar decadal covariability, including the leading MCA patterns as well as the temporal evolution of the patterns. The decadal temperature and geopotential anomalies primarily covary with the North Atlantic Oscillation but also with the variability of the North Pacific index, while the Southern Oscillation index variability tends to be the least important predictor for the northern decadal temperature and geopotential anomalies.

scholarly journals Effects of groundwater pumping on ground surface temperature: A regional modeling study in the North China Plain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Kuan Zhang ◽  
Chen Yang ◽  
Xiaofan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Ground Surface Temperature ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain

<p>It is recognized that groundwater (GW) may play an important role in the subsurface–land-surface–atmosphere system and that pumping of GW may affect soil moisture which in turn influences local weather and climate through land-atmosphere interactions. In this study effects of GW pumping on ground surface temperature (GST) in the North China Plain (NCP) were investigated with a coupled ParFlow.CLM model of subsurface and land-surface processes and their interactions. The model was validated using the water and energy fluxes reported in previous studies and from the JRA-55 reanalysis. Numerical experiments were designed to examine the impacts of GW pumping and irrigation on GST. Results show significant effects of GW pumping on GST in the NCP. Generally, the subsurface acts as a buffer to temporal variations in heat fluxes at the land-surface, but long-term pumping can gradually weaken this buffer, resulting in increases in the spatio-temporal variability of GST, as exemplified by hotter summers and colder winters. Considering that changes of water table depth (WTD) can significantly affect land surface heat fluxes when WTD ranges between 1–10 m, the 0.5 m/year increase of WTD simulated by the model due to pumping can continue to raise GST for about 20 years from the pre-pumping WTD in the NCP. The increase of GST is expected to be faster initially and gradually slow down. The findings from this study may implicate similar GST increases may occur in other regions with GW depletion.</p>

scholarly journals Influência dos Diferentes Tipos do Fenômeno El Niño na Precipitação da América do Sul

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 729
Author(s):  
Michelle Simões Reboita ◽  
Kelvem Rodrigo De Oliveira ◽  
Pedro Ygor Carvalho Corrêa ◽  
Renan Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Temperature Anomalies ◽  
The North ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

Nesse estudo foi aplicada uma metodologia de classificação dos eventos de El Niño em seus diferentes tipos (Central, Leste e, quando ambos ocorrem concomitantemente, MIX) no período de janeiro de 1950 a março de 2019. Além disso, os tipos de El Niño foram separados por estação do ano e considerando as diferentes condições de anomalias de temperatura da superfície do mar no oceano Atlântico Tropical Sul (neutras quando ocorrem anomalias de temperatura entre -0,5º e 0,5ºC; quentes quando as anomalias são superiores a 0,5ºC e frias quando as anomalias são inferiores a -0,5ºC). Com base nas combinações de ocorrência de cada tipo de EN e anomalias de temperatura da superfície do mar no Atlântico Tropical Sul, foram determinadas as anomalias de precipitação na América do Sul. Os diferentes tipos de El Niño são mais frequentes quando há condições neutras no Atlântico Tropical Sul. Com relação às anomalias de precipitação na América do Sul, os eventos de El Niño Leste e MIX, em geral, mostram padrão similar na distribuição espacial das anomalias, mas com os eventos MIX mostrando sinal mais fraco. As anomalias de temperatura da superfície do mar no Atlântico Tropical Sul quando negativas ajudam a fortalecer as condições secas entre o norte das regiões norte e nordeste do Brasil propiciadas pelos eventos de El Niño.  Influence of the Different Types of El Niño in the Precipitation over South America  A B S T R A C TIn this study, a specific methodology was applied to classify El Niño events into their different types (Central, East and when both occur at the same time, MIX) from January 1950 to March 2019. In addition, the types of El Niño were separated by season and considering the conditions of sea surface temperature anomalies on the South Tropical Atlantic Ocean (neutrality: temperature anomalies between -0.5º and 0.5ºC, warm: anomalies above 0.5ºC and cold:  anomalies below -0.5ºC). Based on in the combination of different types of El Niño and sea surface temperature anomalies on the South Atlantic Tropical Ocean, precipitation anomalies over South America were computed. The different types El Niño occur, in general, under neutral conditions on the Atlantic Ocean. The events of El Niño - East and MIX, in general, present a similar pattern in the spatial distribution of the precipitation anomalies over South America, but with the MIX events showing weaker signal. Sea surface temperature anomalies in the Tropical South Atlantic when negative, they help to strengthen the dry conditions between the north of the north and northeast regions of Brazil caused by the El Niño events.Keywords: atmospheric circulation, anomaly conditions, tropical oceans, climate

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