scholarly journals Biogenesis, Biologic Function and Clinical Potential of Exosomes in Different Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amany Magdy Beshbishy ◽  
Saad Alghamdi ◽  
ThankGod E. Onyiche ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor ◽  
Nallely Rivero-Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Application ◽  
Intercellular Movement ◽  
Clinical Potential

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) belonging to the nanovesicles family that function as signaling molecules between cells. After their first description in the late 1960s, interest in their potential as a research target has steadily increased. They are small secreted organelles with a single membrane that are well enriched in lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Exosomes take part in a larger communication network in which cells communicate between one another by DNA shuttling, proteins, RNA, and membrane-bound factors. The machinery of protein quality control occurs through the process termed “exosome biogenesis”. Furthermore, the pathway involved in intercellular movement of vesicles is vital in various aspects of human health and diseases. Due to their inherent properties, exosomes are currently being developed as potential therapeutic agents in a wide range of diseases including infectious and non-infectious diseases. Exosomes and other EVs sourced from Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown in different studies to possess therapeutic effects in diverse disease models either in vivo or in vitro. Some mechanisms and/or pathways that MSC-derived exosomes use to illustrate their therapeutic effect against some diseases have also been summarized. This review aims to highlight the recent findings and potential therapeutic application of exosomes in different diseases such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, obesity, neural, soft tissues, bone, and cartilage.

scholarly journals The Potential and Action Mechanism of Polyphenols in the Treatment of Liver Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sha Li ◽  
Hor Yue Tan ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Fan Cheung ◽  
Ming Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Natural Polyphenols ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Liver Injuries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Foods ◽  
Systematical Review

Liver disease, involving a wide range of liver pathologies from fatty liver, hepatitis, and fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is a serious health problem worldwide. In recent years, many natural foods and herbs with abundant phytochemicals have been proposed as health supplementation for patients with hepatic disorders. As an important category of phytochemicals, natural polyphenols have attracted increasing attention as potential agents for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. The striking capacities in remitting oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammation put polyphenols in the spotlight for the therapies of liver diseases. It has been reported that many polyphenols from a wide range of foods and herbs exert therapeutic effects on liver injuries via complicated mechanisms. Therefore, it is necessary to have a systematical review to sort out current researches to help better understand the potentials of polyphenols in liver diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize and update the existing evidence of natural polyphenols in the treatment of various liver diseases by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, while special attention is paid to the action mechanisms.

scholarly journals Curcumin: Phytochemical Therapy in the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Wide Range

In modern world, hyperlipidemia is the most common disorder mainly caused by lifestyle habits and the major cause of cardiovascular, coronary and atherosclerotic changes. Such disorder is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. A wide range of drugs are available for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, class of antihyperlipidemic drugs, but such drug-therapies are carried out with presence of various side effects. In the last decades, different in vitro and in vivo research have been conducted to confirm the therapeutic effects of various phytochemical agents that overcome the side effects caused by synthetic drugs. According to Ayurvedic recommendations and experimental studies, numerous phytochemical agents have been reported to possess different antihyperlipidemic properties. One of the most studied phytochemical agent - curcumin, herbal polyphenol and active ingredient which can be extracted from the powder rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, has been reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidative, antiinflammatory and anticancer property. Recent studies also suggests curcumin as potential lipid lowering candidate in treatment of hyperlipidemia. The aim of this review is to present and discuss phytochemistry, molecular mechanism of hypolipidemic activity of curcumin, demonstrating its importance as potential therapy for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

scholarly journals Anti-glycation activity of curcumin

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 182-188
Author(s):  
Sabina Galiniak ◽  
Marek Biesiadecki ◽  
Bożena Czubat ◽  
Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
Keyword(s):  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Aldehyde Group ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Active Inhibitor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range

Curcumin, a compound belonging to the group of polyphenols with a characteristic yellow-orange color, is the most active ingredient of the long-leaved Curcuma longa L. and the ingredient of seasoning mixes, including curry spices. Due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, it has a wide range of therapeutic effects and has been studied for many years. Curcumin has enormous potential in preventing many diseases due to the widely described benefits of its use, it is non-toxic and additionally. Therapy with curcumin is low cost. Currently, many studies focus on the anti-glycation activity of curcumin, which could be used as an active inhibitor of glycation, i.e. a non-enzymatic process of combining a keto or aldehyde group of sugar with a free amino group of a protein. Finally, heterogeneous end products of advanced glycation are formed in the multistage and complicated glycation reaction. Formation of glycation products is intensified with age, as well as in various disease states, including diabetes or neurodegenerative diseases. Many literature data describe the role of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. It is known that polyphenol has beneficial effects on hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and regeneration of secretory cells of pancreatic islets. It seems that addition of curcumin, the main ingredient of curry spice, to food could help people prevent the development of lifestyle diseases, including diabetes and its complications. The article presents the current state of knowledge on the curcumin anti-glycation properties in vitro as well as in vivo.

Matrixmetalloproteinase Inhibitors: Promising Therapeutic Targets Against Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibha Rani ◽  
Dhananjay Yadav ◽  
Neha Atale
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Mmp Inhibitors ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Cancer is a wide range cellular level disease that occurs when cells go through uncontrolled division and growth. The mechanisms by which the cells undergo metastasis are complex and involve many interactions between the tumor cells and their cellular environment. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been found to over-express at various stages of tumor progression and their inhibition using MMP inhibitors has been a subject of potential therapy against cancer. Objective: This review discusses recent research in MMP inhibitors (MMPI) used for preventing tumor progression. Methods: In this review, we explored the role of MMPs in cancer progression and summarized the current developments in MMPIs, their role in cancer suppression in in vitro and in vivo studies and their evaluation in clinical trials from the current research data. Results: MMPIs have shown to be very successful in in vitro models, cell lines and in some in vivo studies. Unfortunately, their efficacy in clinical trials has been found to be hit and miss. Recent studies have shown that the novel delivery approaches of MMP inhibitors may enhance their therapeutic effects towards the prevention of cancer. Conclusion: In this review, we presented different MMP inhibitors, their performance at different stages of models - in vitro, in vivo, small animal models and eventually clinical trials. We provide newer methods of MMPI delivery that may be better targeted to suppress only specific MMPs and avoid toxic side-effects in healthy cells.

scholarly journals Involvement of Bacillus subtilis ClpE in CtsR Degradation and Protein Quality Control

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (13) ◽  
pp. 4610-4619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Miethke ◽  
Michael Hecker ◽  
Ulf Gerth
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adaptation Processes

ABSTRACT The heat-inducible CtsR regulon of Bacillus subtilis codes for three Clp proteins with chaperone or protease activity. While the importance of ClpC and ClpP has been elucidated for a wide range of cellular adaptation processes, this study deals with the physiological role of B. subtilis ClpE. Northern experiments and reporter gene analyses revealed that ClpE is essential both for efficient CtsR-dependent gene derepression and for rerepression during heat stress. ClpEP was found to destabilize the global regulator CtsR after heat shock in vivo with different kinetics than ClpCP, which is known to degrade CtsR in vitro and in vivo upon heat stress. Furthermore, ClpE was localized at heat-generated inclusion bodies by electron microscopy. The comparison of radiolabeled aggregated protein fractions of wild-type and clpE mutant cells during heat stress displayed a significant delay of protein disaggregation in the absence of ClpE. A kinetic Western blotting approach confirmed the long-term residence of ClpE in the insoluble cell fraction rather than in the cytoplasmic fraction. These observations indicate the involvement of ClpE in global protein disaggregation. As a characteristic structural element of ClpE, the N-terminal zinc finger domain was proven to be essential for basal in vitro ATPase activity.

scholarly journals 6′-Sialyllactose Ameliorates in Vivo and in Vitro Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Regulating the E2F1/pRb–AR Pathway

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin ◽  
Kim ◽  
Kim ◽  
Chung ◽  
Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Cell Cycle Protein ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract: Background: 6′-Sialyllactose (6SL) displays a wide range of the bioactive benefits, such as anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities. However, the therapeutic effects of 6SL on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remain unknown. Methods: Six-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 40) were used for in vivo experiments. All rats were castrated and experimental BPH was induced in castrated rats by intramuscular injection of testosterone, with the exception of those in the control group. Rats with BPH were administrated finasteride and 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg 6SL. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of 6SL on human epithelial BPH cell line (BPH-1) cells were determined in vitro. Results: Rats with BPH exhibited outstanding BPH manifestations, including prostate enlargement, histological alterations, and increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Compared to those in the BPH group, rats in the 6SL group showed fewer pathological changes and normal androgen events, followed by restoration of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and cell cycle-related proteins. In BPH-1 cells, treatment with 6SL significantly suppressed the effects on the androgen receptor (AR), PSA, and E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1)-dependent cell cycle protein expression. Conclusions: 6SL demonstrated anti-proliferative effects in a testosterone-induced BPH rat model and on BPH-1 cells by regulating the pRB/E2F1–AR pathway. According to our results, we suggest that 6SL may be considered a potential agent for the treatment of BPH.

Biological and biomedical applications of collagenous biomaterials

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 856-857
Author(s):  
Yasushi P. Kato ◽  
Michael G. Dunn ◽  
Frederick H. Silver ◽  
Arthur J. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Cover Slip ◽  
Fibroblast Migration ◽  
Cellular Expression ◽  
Defect Repair

Collagenous biomaterials have been used for growing cells in vitro as well as for augmentation and replacement of hard and soft tissues. The substratum used for culturing cells is implicated in the modulation of phenotypic cellular expression, cellular orientation and adhesion. Collagen may have a strong influence on these cellular parameters when used as a substrate in vitro. Clinically, collagen has many applications to wound healing including, skin and bone substitution, tendon, ligament, and nerve replacement. In this report we demonstrate two uses of collagen. First as a fiber to support fibroblast growth in vitro, and second as a demineralized bone/collagen sponge for radial bone defect repair in vivo.For the in vitro study, collagen fibers were prepared as described previously. Primary rat tendon fibroblasts (1° RTF) were isolated and cultured for 5 days on 1 X 15 mm sterile cover slips. Six to seven collagen fibers, were glued parallel to each other onto a circular cover slip (D=18mm) and the 1 X 15mm cover slip populated with 1° RTF was placed at the center perpendicular to the collagen fibers. Fibroblast migration from the 1 x 15mm cover slip onto and along the collagen fibers was measured daily using a phase contrast microscope (Olympus CK-2) with a calibrated eyepiece. Migratory rates for fibroblasts were determined from 36 fibers over 4 days.

Evaluation of 99mTc-Label led Vitamin K4 as an Agent for Testicular Imaging

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Durak ◽  
M. Kitapgi ◽  
B. E. Caner ◽  
R. Senekowitsch ◽  
M. T. Ercan
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Left Testis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Activity Ratios ◽  
The Right ◽  
Radioactivity Levels

Vitamin K4 was labelled with 99mTc with an efficiency higher than 97%. The compound was stable up to 24 h at room temperature, and its biodistribution in NMRI mice indicated its in vivo stability. Blood radioactivity levels were high over a wide range. 10% of the injected activity remained in blood after 24 h. Excretion was mostly via kidneys. Only the liver and kidneys concentrated appreciable amounts of radioactivity. Testis/soft tissue ratios were 1.4 and 1.57 at 6 and 24 h, respectively. Testis/blood ratios were lower than 1. In vitro studies with mouse blood indicated that 33.9 ±9.6% of the radioactivity was associated with RBCs; it was washed out almost completely with saline. Protein binding was 28.7 ±6.3% as determined by TCA precipitation. Blood clearance of 99mTc-l<4 in normal subjects showed a slow decrease of radioactivity, reaching a plateau after 16 h at 20% of the injected activity. In scintigraphic images in men the testes could be well visualized. The right/left testis ratio was 1.08 ±0.13. Testis/soft tissue and testis/blood activity ratios were highest at 3 h. These ratios were higher than those obtained with pertechnetate at 20 min post injection.99mTc-l<4 appears to be a promising radiopharmaceutical for the scintigraphic visualization of testes.

Clinical Trials in Thrombosis: Secondary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (01) ◽  
pp. 049-056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian R Klimt ◽  
P. H Doub ◽  
Nancy H Doub
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Definitive Answer ◽  
Inhibition Of Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Prospective Trials

SummaryNumerous in vivo and in vitro experiments, investigating the inhibition of platelet aggregation and the prevention of experimentally-induced thrombosis, suggest that anti-platelet drugs, such as aspirin or the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole or sulfinpyrazone, may be effective anti-thrombotic agents in man. Since 1971, seven randomized prospective trials and two case-control studies have been referenced in the literature or are currently being conducted, which evaluate the effects of aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or dipyridamole in combination with aspirin in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. A critical review of these trials indicates a range of evidence from no difference to a favorable trend that antiplatelet drugs may serve as anti-thrombotic agents in man. To date, a definitive answer concerning the therapeutic effects of these drugs in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease is not available.

Ethnomedicinal uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects of the Genus Berberis Linn: A Comprehensive Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roohi Mohi-ud-din ◽  
Reyaz Hassan Mir ◽  
Prince Ahad Mir ◽  
Saeema Farooq ◽  
Syed Naiem Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Ethnomedicinal Uses

Background: Genus Berberis (family Berberidaceae), which contains about 650 species and 17 genera worldwide, has been used in folklore and various traditional medicine systems. Berberis Linn. is the most established group among genera with around 450-500 species across the world. This comprehensive review will not only help researchers for further evaluation but also provide substantial information for future exploitation of species to develop novel herbal formulations. Objective: The present review is focussed to summarize and collect the updated review of information of Genus Berberis species reported to date regarding their ethnomedicinal information, chemical constituents, traditional/folklore use, and reported pharmacological activities on more than 40 species of Berberis. Conclusion: A comprehensive survey of the literature reveals that various species of the genus possess various phytoconstituents mainly alkaloids, flavonoid based compounds isolated from different parts of a plant with a wide range of pharmacological activities. So far, many pharmacological activities like anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory both in vitro & in vivo and clinical study of different extracts/isolated compounds of different species of Berberis have been reported, proving their importance as a medicinal plant and claiming their traditional use.

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