scholarly journals RRM Prediction of Erythrocyte Band3 Protein as Alternative Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 Virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4053
Author(s):  
Irena Cosic ◽  
Drasko Cosic ◽  
Ivan Loncarevic
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Resonant Recognition Model ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Pass Through

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new coronavirus causing a worldwide pandemic. It is infecting respiratory organs and, in more severe cases, the lungs, where it is infecting the human cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In severe cases, it is characterized not only by difficulties in breathing through infected lungs, but also with disproportionally and, thus far, unexplained low levels of oxygen in the blood. Here, we propose that, besides the infection of respiratory organs through ACE2 receptors, there is an additional infection in the red blood cells (erythrocytes). There could be a possible for SARS-CoV-2 to pass through the alveoli membrane in the lungs and infect the red blood cells through another receptor. Using our own biophysical model, the Resonant Recognition Model, we propose that the red blood cell (RBC) Band3 protein on the surface of red blood cells is a possible entry point for the SARS-CoV-2 virus into red blood cells.

Effects of Temperature on the Deformability of Red Blood Cells of Rainbow Trout and Ray

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Hughes ◽  
Y. Kikuchi
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Cardiovascular Physiology ◽  
Cell Deformability ◽  
Narrow Capillary ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Pass Through

When red blood cells are subjected to mechanical stresses, they change shape with very little resistance. Such deformability of erythrocytes plays a crucial role in their function and survival in the circulation since they must undergo large deformation whenever they pass through narrow capillary vessels. While this mechanical characteristic of erythrocytes has been attributed to their unique cellular structure, it has also been shown that considerable alterations in this property result from changes in cellular metabolism and in surrounding plasma physicochemistry (Weed, LaCelle & Merrill, 1969; Kikuchi & Koyama, 1984a, b). It might be supposed, therefore that red blood cell deformability would be modified, when animals are exposed to different environmental conditions, with significant effects on their acclimatization or survival under the varied conditions. However, little is known of this aspect of fish cardiovascular physiology.

Microfluidic electrical impedance assessment of red blood cell mediated microvascular occlusion

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuncheng Man ◽  
Debnath Maji ◽  
Ran An ◽  
Sanjay Ahuja ◽  
Jane A Little ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Blood Disorders

Alterations in the deformability of red blood cells (RBCs), occurring in hemolytic blood disorders such as sickle cell disease (SCD), contributes to vaso-occlusion and disease pathophysiology. However, there are few...

scholarly journals Do sex-specific immunobiological factors and differences in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression explain increased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in males?

Diagnosis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Vikse ◽  
Giuseppe Lippi ◽  
Brandon Michael Henry
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
Immunomodulatory Treatment ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Severe Lung

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), shares similarities with the former SARS outbreak, which was caused by SARS-CoV-1. SARS was characterized by severe lung injury due to virus-induced cytopathic effects and dysregulated hyperinflammatory state. COVID-19 has a higher mortality rate in men both inside and outside China. In this opinion paper, we describe how sex-specific immunobiological factors and differences in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression may explain the increased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in males. We highlight that immunomodulatory treatment must be tailored to the underlying immunobiology at different stages of disease. Moreover, by investigating sex-based immunobiological differences, we may enhance our understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology and facilitate improved immunomodulatory strategies.

Permeation of the luminal capillary glycocalyx is determined by hyaluronan

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (2) ◽  
pp. H508-H514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine B. S. Henry ◽  
Brian R. Duling
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
The Difference

The endothelial cell glycocalyx influences blood flow and presents a selective barrier to movement of macromolecules from plasma to the endothelial surface. In the hamster cremaster microcirculation, FITC-labeled Dextran 70 and larger molecules are excluded from a region extending almost 0.5 μm from the endothelial surface into the lumen. Red blood cells under normal flow conditions are excluded from a region extending even farther into the lumen. Examination of cultured endothelial cells has shown that the glycocalyx contains hyaluronan, a glycosaminoglycan which is known to create matrices with molecular sieving properties. To test the hypothesis that hyaluronan might be involved in establishing the permeation properties of the apical surface glycocalyx in vivo, hamster microvessels in the cremaster muscle were visualized using video microscopy. After infusion of one of several FITC-dextrans (70, 145, 580, and 2,000 kDa) via a femoral cannula, microvessels were observed with bright-field and fluorescence microscopy to obtain estimates of the anatomic diameters and the widths of fluorescent dextran columns and of red blood cell columns (means ± SE). The widths of the red blood cell and dextran exclusion zones were calculated as one-half the difference between the bright-field anatomic diameter and the width of the red blood cell column or dextran column. After 1 h of treatment with active Streptomyces hyaluronidase, there was a significant increase in access of 70- and 145-kDa FITC-dextrans to the space bounded by the apical glycocalyx, but no increase in access of the red blood cells or in the anatomic diameter in capillaries, arterioles, and venules. Hyaluronidase had no effect on access of FITC-Dextrans 580 and 2,000. Infusion of a mixture of hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate after enzyme treatment reconstituted the glycocalyx, although treatment with either molecule separately had no effect. These results suggest that cell surface hyaluronan plays a role in regulating or establishing permeation of the apical glycocalyx to macromolecules. This finding and our prior observations suggest that hyaluronan and other glycoconjugates are required for assembly of the matrix on the endothelial surface. We hypothesize that hyaluronidase creates a more open matrix, enabling smaller dextran molecules to penetrate deeper into the glycocalyx.

Susceptibility of density-fractionated erythrocytes to subhaemolytic mechanical shear stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony P McNamee ◽  
Kieran Richardson ◽  
Jarod Horobin ◽  
Lennart Kuck ◽  
Michael J Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Cell Deformability ◽  
Red Blood Cell Deformability ◽  
Cell Age ◽  
Low Shear

Introduction: Accumulating evidence demonstrates that subhaemolytic mechanical stresses, typical of circulatory support, induce physical and biochemical changes to red blood cells. It remains unclear, however, whether cell age affects susceptibility to these mechanical forces. This study thus examined the sensitivity of density-fractionated red blood cells to sublethal mechanical stresses. Methods: Red blood cells were isolated and washed twice, with the least and most dense fractions being obtained following centrifugation (1500 g × 5 min). Red blood cell deformability was determined across an osmotic gradient and a range of shear stresses (0.3–50 Pa). Cell deformability was also quantified before and after 300 s exposure to shear stresses known to decrease (64 Pa) or increase (10 Pa) red blood cell deformability. The time course of accumulated sublethal damage that occurred during exposure to 64 Pa was also examined. Results: Dense red blood cells exhibited decreased capacity to deform when compared with less dense cells. Cellular response to mechanical stimuli was similar in trend for all red blood cells, independent of density; however, the magnitude of impairment in cell deformability was exacerbated in dense cells. Moreover, the rate of impairment in cellular deformability, induced by 64 Pa, was more rapid for dense cells. Relative improvement in red blood cell deformability, due to low-shear conditioning (10 Pa), was consistent for both cell populations. Conclusion: Red blood cell populations respond differently to mechanical stimuli: older (more dense) cells are highly susceptible to sublethal mechanical trauma, while cell age (density) does not appear to alter the magnitude of improved cell deformability following low-shear conditioning.

scholarly journals Small Red Blood Cell Fraction on the UF-1000i Urine Analyzer as a Screening Tool to Detect Dysmorphic Red Blood Cells for Diagnosing Glomerulonephritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Hyunjung Kim ◽  
Young Ok Kim ◽  
Yonggoo Kim ◽  
Jin-Soon Suh ◽  
Eun-Jung Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Cell Fraction

scholarly journals ACE2 the Janus-faced protein – from cardiovascular protection to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (7) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhian M. Touyz ◽  
Hongliang Li ◽  
Christian Delles
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Abstract Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the major enzyme responsible for conversion of Ang II into Ang-(1-7). It also acts as the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2, which causes Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. In recognition of the importance of ACE2 and to celebrate 20 years since its discovery, the journal will publish a focused issue on the basic science and (patho)physiological role of this multifunctional protein.

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