scholarly journals Mast Cells, Astrocytes, Arachidonic Acid: Do They Play a Role in Depression?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Traina ◽  
Massimo Cocchi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Brain Membrane ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Depressive Condition

Evidence support that brain membrane fatty acids play a crucial role in psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety disorders. Although the pathogenesis of depression is not still defined, drugs commonly used to reduce arachidonic turnover in the brain can control mood disorders, such as depression. Both astrocytes and mast cells release arachidonic acid during silent inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that arachidonic acid freed from lipid droplets of mast cells, as well as the one released from activated astrocytes, could contribute to characterize a depressive condition, and the fatty acids profile of mast cells, astrocytes and microglia could also vary, reflecting the pathophysiological depressive state of the subject. Finally, there is evidence that gut microbiota is deeply implicated in mood and behavioral disorders. Human gut microbiota can control nervous system diseases through neuroimmune pathways.

scholarly journals Entry of polyunsaturated fatty acids into the brain: evidence that high-density lipoprotein-induced methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine and phospholipase A2 are involved

1996 ◽  
Vol 316 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie MAGRET ◽  
Latifa ELKHALIL ◽  
Françoise NAZIH-SANDERSON ◽  
Françoise MARTIN ◽  
Jean-Marie BOURRE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Bovine Brain ◽  
High Density ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into phosphatidylcholine (PC) by a sequence of three transmethylation reactions is shown to be stimulated by the apolipoprotein E-free subclass of high-density lipoprotein (HDL3) in isolated bovine brain capillary (BBC) membranes. HDL3-induced stimulation of BBC membranes pulsed with [methyl-14C]methionine causes a transient increase in each methylated phospholipid, i.e. phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PMME), phosphatidyl-NN-dimethylethanolamine (PDME) and PC. PC substrate arising from the activation of PE N-methyltransferase (PEMT) is hydrolysed by a phospholipase A2 (PLA2), as demonstrated by the accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC). When PE containing [14C]arachidonic acid in the sn-2 position ([14C]PAPE) is incorporated into BBC membranes, HDL3 stimulation induces the formation of PMME, PDME, PC and lyso-PC and the release of [14C]arachidonic acid, which correlates with the previous production of lyso-PC, suggesting that HDL3 stimulates a PLA2 that can release polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Both PEMT and PLA2 activities depend on a HDL3 concentration in the range 0–50 μg/ml and are strictly dependent on HDL3 binding, because HDL3 modified by tetranitromethane is no longer able to bind to specific receptors and to trigger PEMT and PLA2 activation. Moreover, HDL3 prelabelled with [14C]PAPE can stimulate PDME and lyso-PC synthesis in BBC membranes in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine, suggesting that HDL3 can supply BBC membranes in polyunsaturated PE and can activate enzymes involved in PE N-methylation and PUFA release. The results support the hypothesis of a close relationship between HDL3 binding, PE methylation and PUFA release, and suggest that the PC pool arising from PE could be used as a pathway for the supply of PUFA to the brain.

scholarly journals Characterization of plasma unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholines in human and rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 345 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine CROSET ◽  
Nicole BROSSARD ◽  
Anne POLETTE ◽  
Michel LAGARDE
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
Arachidonic Acid Content ◽  
Tissue Uptake ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Group Shift

Unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPtdCho) bound to albumin circulate in blood plasma and seem to be a novel transport system for carrying polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to tissues that are rich in these fatty acids, such as the brain. The potential of these lysoPtdCho as a significant source of PUFA for cells has been assessed by comparing their plasma concentration with that of unsaturated non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) bound to albumin. In humans, the PUFA concentration was 25.9±3.1 nmol/ml for these lysoPtdCho, compared with 33.4±9.6 nmol/ml for NEFA; in rats the equivalent values are 14.2±0.6 and 13.1±1.1 nmol/ml respectively (means±S.E.M.). The lysoPtdCho arachidonic acid content was 2-fold (human) and 5-fold (rat) higher than that of NEFA. In human and rat plasma, unsaturated lysoPtdCho were associated mainly with albumin rather than lipoproteins. The rate and extent of the acyl group shift from the sn-2 to sn-1 position of these lysoPtdCho were studied by the incubation of 1-lyso,2-[14C]C18:2n-6-glycerophosphocholine (GPC) with plasma. The rapid isomerization of this lipid occurred at pH 7 (20% isomerization within 2 min) and was not prevented by its association with albumin. The position of the acyl group in the lysoPtdCho circulating in plasma was studied by collecting blood directly in organic solvents containing 1-lyso,2-[14C]C18:2n-6-GPC as a marker of isomerization that occurred during sampling and analysis. Approx. 50% of the PUFA was located at the sn-2 position, demonstrating that substantial concentrations of 2-acyl-lysoPtdCho are present in plasma and are available for tissue uptake, where they can be reacylated at the sn-1 position to form membrane phospholipids.

scholarly journals Does Maternal Arachidonic Acid Influence the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Basak ◽  
Rahul Mallick ◽  
Antara Banerjee ◽  
Surajit Pathak ◽  
Asim K. Duttaroy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Structural Function ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Effects

During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural-function and signaling pathways levels in the brain have been continuously emanating. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanisms of action are not yet well known. Recent data suggest that there may be a need for a balanced proportion of ARA and DHA in infant formula due to their complementary benefits. This review describes the importance of maternal preferential transfer of ARA and DHA to support the infant's optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Xiao ◽  
Qin Liu ◽  
Mei Luo ◽  
Lishou Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Functional Bowel Disorder ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Bowel Disorder

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional bowel disorder worldwide and is associated with visceral hypersensitivity, gut motility, immunomodulation, gut microbiota alterations, and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis; however, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. The aim of our study was to investigate specific types of microbiota-derived metabolites, especially bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, serotonin and hypoxanthine, which are all implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS. Metabolites-focused research has identified multiple microbial targets relevant to IBS patients, important roles of microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of IBS symptoms have been established. Thus, we provide an overview of gut microbiota and their metabolites on the different subtypes of IBS (constipation-predominant IBS-C, diarrhea-predominant IBS-D) and present controversial views regarding the role of microbiota in IBS.

scholarly journals Persistent Abnormalities of Fatty Acids Profile in Children With Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Stable Remission

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Turolo ◽  
Alberto C. Edefonti ◽  
William Morello ◽  
Marie-Louise Syren ◽  
Valentina De Cosmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Filtration Barrier ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome

Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome is an immunological disorder mediated by still poorly defined circulating factor(s) that target the podocyte and damage the filtration barrier. Fatty acids (FA) have several biological roles and, in particular, are strictly involved in cell to cell communication, inflammatory processes and regulation of lymphocyte pools. Studies of FAs during INS have been mainly focused on biochemical changes during the phase of proteinuria; while no information is available about FA profile in patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) on stable remission. Aim of this study is to assess differences in blood FA profile between pediatric patients with INS during the phase of stable remission. Blood fatty acid profile of 47 pediatric patients on stable remission and 47 matched healthy controls were evaluated with gas chromatography. Patients with INS on stable remission had significantly higher levels of PUFA and omega-6 than controls (40.17 vs. 37.91% and 36.95 vs. 34.79%), lower levels of SFA and MUFA. Considering the single fatty acids, levels of omega-6 18:2n6 linoleic acid and omega-6 20:4n6 arachidonic acid were significantly higher in patients with INS than in controls (23.01 vs. 21.55%, p-value 0.003 and 10.37 vs. 9.65%, p-value 0.01). Moreover, patients with INS showed lower levels of SFA 14:0 (0.74 vs. 0.92%) and 18:0 (10.74 vs. 11.74%) and MUFA 18:1n9 oleic acid (18.50 vs. 19.83%). To the best of our knowledge this is the first study assessing FAs profile in children with INS in stable remission. In a population of 47 patients, we were able to demonstrate a higher blood level of linoleic and arachidonic acid, and consequently of omega-6 and PUFA, compared to controls. Persistently higher than normal levels of either linoleic or arachidonic acid, could be viewed as candidate biomarker for a state of risk of relapse in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

scholarly journals Maternal Supply of Both Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Is Required for Optimal Neurodevelopment

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2061
Author(s):  
Sanjay Basak ◽  
Rahul Mallick ◽  
Antara Banerjee ◽  
Surajit Pathak ◽  
Asim K. Duttaroy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Postnatal Brain ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids

During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. Although the structural and functional roles of DHA in brain development are well investigated, similar roles of ARA are not well documented. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural–functional roles and their levels in the gene expression and signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously emanating. In addition to DHA, the importance of ARA has been much discussed in recent years for fetal and postnatal brain development and the maternal supply of ARA and DHA. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not clearly known yet. This review describes the importance of ARA, in addition to DHA, in supporting the optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.

scholarly journals Does Maternal Arachidonic Acid Influence the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim K. Duttaroy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Structural Function ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Effects

During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural-function and signaling pathways levels in the brain have been continuously emanating. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanisms of action are not yet well known. Recent data suggest that there may be a need for a balanced proportion of ARA and DHA in infant formula due to their complementary benefits. This review describes the importance of maternal preferential transfer of ARA and DHA to support the infant's optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.

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