scholarly journals Update on TB Vaccine Pipeline

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Martin ◽  
Nacho Aguilo ◽  
Dessislava Marinova ◽  
Jesus Gonzalo-Asensio
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
The World

In addition to antibiotics, vaccination is considered among the most efficacious methods in the control and the potential eradication of infectious diseases. New safe and effective vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) could be a very important tool and are called to play a significant role in the fight against TB resistant to antimicrobials. Despite the extended use of the current TB vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), TB continues to be transmitted actively and continues to be one of the 10 most important causes of death in the world. In the last 20 years, different TB vaccines have entered clinical trials. In this paper, we review the current use of BCG and the diversity of vaccines in clinical trials and their possible indications. New TB vaccines capable of protecting against respiratory forms of the disease caused by sensitive or resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains would be extremely useful tools helping to prevent the emergence of multi-drug resistance.

scholarly journals Novel Vaccine Candidates against Tuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (31) ◽  
pp. 5095-5118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Li ◽  
Changping Zheng ◽  
Marco Terreni ◽  
Lisa Tanzi ◽  
Matthieu Sollogoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
System Response ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistance

Ranking above AIDS, Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death affecting and killing many individuals every year. Drugs’ efficacy is limited by a series of problems such as Multi- Drug Resistance (MDR) and Extensively-Drug Resistance (XDR). Meanwhile, the only licensed vaccine BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) existing for over 90 years is not effective enough. Consequently, it is essential to develop novel vaccines for TB prevention and immunotherapy. This paper provides an overall review of the TB prevalence, immune system response against TB and recent progress of TB vaccine research and development. Several vaccines in clinical trials are described as well as LAM-based candidates.

Modern approach to drug therapy of tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Konstantin Robertovich Gulyabin
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Cure Rates

Tuberculosis continues to be one of the most common infectious diseases in the world, and ranks first among the causes of death from infectious diseases. About 11 million new cases of tuberculosis are registered in the world every year, and about 1.3 million patients die per year as a result of the progression of this disease. The majority of the morbidity cases occur in the underdeveloped countries of Asia and Africa, however, it is too early to speak of a complete victory over this pathology in both the European region and America. The real scourge of modern society is the development of multi-resistant forms of tuberculosis, resistant to the effects of chemotherapeutic agents, belonging to various groups. Every year, there is an increase in patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) mycobacteria; drug resistance is especially pronounced in patients who have previously received treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs. In this regard, one of the main principles of tuberculosis treatment at the present stage is the simultaneous prescription of two or more drugs, which is aimed at reducing the likelihood of drug resistance to them and increasing cure rates [3].

Current study of medicinal chemistry for treating spinal tuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biao Wang ◽  
Yuhang Wang ◽  
Dingjun Hao
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Spinal Tuberculosis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Disability Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Heavy Burden

: Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the oldest diseases in the world and is one of the top ten causes of death in the world, which ranking first mortality in infectious diseases, far beyond the frightening disease AIDS. Besides that, the spinal tuberculosis is the most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, accounting for approximately 1 to 3 % of all tuberculosis cases, and accounting for 50% of musculoskeletal infections. However, the drugresistant situation of spinal tuberculosis is still challenging world widely. This situation directly lead the spinal tuberculosis has a high disability rate and is difficult to treat, which causes heavy burden to patients, families and society. Therefore, it has been one of the focuses of tuberculosis researchers and spine doctors. Considering that, in this review, we aim to overview the current studies that focused on the novel understanding in current spinal tuberculosis medicine usage and extensive explorations for treating this severe disease.

Current insights into the chemistry and antitubercular potential of benzimidazole and imidazole derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Parwani ◽  
Sushanta Bhattacharya ◽  
Akash Rathore ◽  
Chaitali Mallick ◽  
Vivek Asati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Benzimidazole Derivatives ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistance ◽  
Improved Characteristics

: Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), affecting millions of people worldwide. The emergence of drug resistance is a major problem in the successful treatment of tuberculosis. Due to the commencement of MDR-TB (multi-drug resistance) and XDR-TB (extensively drug resistance), there is a crucial need for the development of novel anti-tubercular agents with improved characteristics such as low toxicity, enhanced inhibitory activity and short duration of treatment. In this direction, various heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized and screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among them, benzimidazole and imidazole containing derivatives found to have potential anti-tubercular activity. The present review focuses on various imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives (from 2015-2019) with their structure activity relationships in the treatment of tuberculosis.

scholarly journals GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay for Rapid Identification of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance Directly from Sputum Sample

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nourjahan Laskar ◽  
Md Akram Hossain ◽  
Jannatul Fardows ◽  
Mominur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Sputum Sample ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The World Health Organization has endorsed the use of molecular methods for the detection of tuberculosis (TB) and drug resistant TB as a rapid method. In Bangladesh, the Xpert MTB/RIF assay has been implemented into reference laboratories for diagnosis of TB and also MDR TB.Objective: Drug resistant tuberculosis has long been a common problem prevailing in our country. The present study focused on the rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as drug resistance.Materials and Methods: Sputum samples from a total of 107 cases, assumed as multi-drug resistance tuberculosis, were studied through GeneXpert assay.Results: Out of 107 cases, 91 (85.05%) were detected having M. tuberculosis ? 64 (59.81%) were rifampicin sensitive and 27 (25.23%) were rifampicin resistant. The sensitivity and specificity of the GeneXpert are 87.64% and 75% respectively.Conclusion: GeneXpert assay can be considered for the rapid diagnosis of drug resistant tuberculosis.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(2): 86-89

scholarly journals P. falciparum PfATP4 Multi-Drug Resistance Resistance to KAE609 (Cipargamin) is Present in Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Resistance Mutation ◽  
Drug Resistance Mutation ◽  
Blood Stage ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Important Policy

AbstractThe PfATP4 (PF3D7 1211900) multi-drug resistance mutation G223R is found in Africa by genetically analyzing 2640 worldwide Plasmodium falciparum blood stage isolates (the MalariaGen Pf3k resource). This mutation confers an approximate 8 fold [4] increase in the PfATP4 IC50 of Spiroindolones (KAE609 & KAE678) [14],[16],[4],[10] and Aminopyrazoles (GNF-Pf4492) [4]. It is postulated that the G223R mutation may be a consequence of the drug resistant Southeast Asian Dd2 genotype becoming more dominant in Africa [3]. The presence of this mutation has important policy implications for the eventual general deployment of the Spiroindolone KAE609 (Cipargamin) which is currently undergoing stage 2 clinical trials.

scholarly journals Difficult Diseases: Tuberculosis and Other Infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 213-237
Author(s):  
Claire Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Open Wards ◽  
As If

Abstract The pre-war annual asylum death rate of under ten per cent rose to 12 per cent in 1915–1916, and 20 per cent in 1918. There was little alarm, because causes of death were the same as pre-war, often infectious diseases, so it did not indicate staff failing in their duty of care, such as if the rise been attributed to “accidents” or suicide. Little was done to stem the rising death rate. A parallel rise did not occur in community dwelling civilians. Numerous practices, known to be unhygienic, risked spreading infection. They included: treating healthy and infectious patients together in open wards; lack of hand washing by laundry and kitchen workers and by patients after using the lavatory; lack of measures to prevent inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis; and drying soiled underclothing in the ward to be worn again without washing. Overcrowding, understaffing and war time austerity aggravated the situation.

scholarly journals CBNAAT Based Identification and Demographic Pattern of Drug Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in South Kashmir, India- a One Year Retrospective Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Rubeena Hakkak ◽  
Saqib Rishi ◽  
Javid Ahmed Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
State Level ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
The World ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Extra Pulmonary

India is the highest TB burden country in the world having an estimated incidence of 26.9 lakh cases in 2019. With a population of 1.32 billion, India has the highest burden of drug resistant TB (DR-TB) in the world. North zone of India is the second highest MDR-TB prevalent zone after the West zone of India. MDR TB treatment involves prolonged treatment with injectable second-line drugs, associated with more adverse effects, suboptimal treatment outcomes and higher risks of mortality compared to patients with drug-sensitive TB and those with lesser resistant forms of TB. Materials methods: This retrospective study was conducted in the department of Microbiology Government Medical College Anantnag, data was analyzed from March 2017 to February 2018. Non-sterile specimens were processed by Modified Petroff Method. Sterile specimens were concentrated by centrifugation and smear and cultures was inoculated from the sediment. CBNAAT assay was performed by Gene Xpert (Cepheid) 4 system according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. Results: Of the total 1497 clinically suspected tuberculosis specimens collected, 1370 (91.5%) were pulmonary and 127 (8.5%) were presumptive extra pulmonary tuberculosis received from different anatomical sites. Maximum clustering of cases was seen in 10-20 years age group. Out of the total 1497 samples 200 were CBNAAT confirmed Mycobacterium Tuberculosis positive samples. In which 155 were pulmonary and 45 were extra pulmonary. The average percentage positivity rate (i.e. percentage of MTB positive samples out of total samples tested) was 13.3% (200/1497).  Rifampicin resistance (RR-TB) was seen in 5.5% (11/200) samples. Out of the samples detected positive (200): 155 were pulmonary samples and out of these 155 pulmonary samples 8 were found to be RR MTB 5.1% (8/155).  Also out of the 200 positive samples 45 were extra pulmonary and out of these 45 extra pulmonary samples 3 were found to be RR MTB 6.6% (3/45). Conclusion: In this study we found that in our region 5.5%  cases of TB were RR-TB, 3.2% were new cases and 13% RR-TB was seen in  previously treated cases of MTB. The screening of drug resistance has to be expanded to offer universal DST including expanded DST .The second and most important activity is to strengthen drug resistance surveillance under the various national programs with inclusion of laboratories in the private sector as well. The state level regional studies also give us the opportunity to plan and execute intervention prioritization, based on the drug resistance trends observed.

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