scholarly journals Green Gas for Grid as an Eco-Friendly Alternative Insulation Gas to SF6: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baofeng Pan ◽  
Guoming Wang ◽  
Huimin Shi ◽  
Jiahua Shen ◽  
Hong-Keun Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Electric Power Industry ◽  
Dielectric Strength ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Current Test ◽  
Lightning Impulse ◽  
Liquefaction Temperature

This paper deals with a review of the state-of-the-art performance investigations of green gas for grid (g3) gas, which is an emerging eco-friendly alternative insulation gas for sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) that will be used in gas-insulated power facilities for reducing environmental concerns. The required physical and chemical properties of insulation gas for high-voltage applications are discussed, including dielectric strength, arc-quenching capability, heat dissipation, boiling point, vapor pressure, compatibility, and environmental and safety requirements. Current studies and results on AC, DC, and lightning impulse breakdown voltage, as well as the partial discharge of g3 gas, are provided, which indicate an equivalent dielectric strength of g3 gas with SF6 after a proper design change or an increase in gas pressure. The switching bus-transfer current test, temperature rise test, and liquefaction temperature calculation also verify the possibility of replacing SF6 with g3 gas. In addition, the use of g3 gas significantly reduces theabovementioned environmental concerns in terms of global warming potential and atmosphere lifetime. In recent years, g3 gas-insulated power facilities, including switchgear, transmission line, circuit breaker, and transformer, have been commercially available in the electric power industry.

scholarly journals The Properties of Nitrogen Gas Breakdown Voltage under Direct Current Positive Polarity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Fri Murdiya ◽  
Firdaus ◽  
Tumpal Pardede ◽  
Eddy Hamdani
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Dielectric Strength ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Power Circuit ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Gas Breakdown

The type of insulation gases that are usually used in the power circuit breaker (circuit breaker) is the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas, nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Most of the electric power systems are using insulating materials such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) has a higher dielectric strength than the air. However, Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is not friendly environmentally and very impact on global warming. The purpose of this study was to test the breakdown voltage of nitrogen gas (N2) (more friendly environmental) as alternative insulation of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas. This study was used sphere and needle electrodes with a distance of 0.5-2 cm and a pressure of 1-4 bar; it was tested for 20 times. From the test results, it obtained that the breakdown voltage of sphere electrodes is more significant than the needle electrodes. Sphere and needle electrodes with a distance of 2 cm and a pressure of 4 bar have a most excellent value of breakdown voltage at the voltage of 140 kV and 79 kV, respectively.

Preparation and Dielectric Property of Al2O3 Surface Coating Modified BaTiO3/Polyimide Composite Film

2014 ◽  
Vol 908 ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
Ya Jun Wang ◽  
Xiao Juan Wu ◽  
Chang Gen Feng
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Barium Titanate ◽  
Composite Film ◽  
Breakdown Strength ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dielectric Strength ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
The Matrix

Polyimide (PI) was chosen as the matrix of the composite, barium titanate/polyimide (BT/PI) nanocomposite films were prepared by in situ polymerization. In order to improve the dispersion and the physical-chemical properties of BT surface, barium titanate was modified by Al2O3coating and modified BT/PI nanocomposite films were prepared. The prepared modified BT was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the dielectric properties of the composites were characterized in detail. It was shown that surface modification with Al2O3is the chemical process and there were new substances forming. When BT was modified by 10 wt% Al2O3, the dielectric constant of the composite film was 18.96 (103Hz), the loss tangent 0.005, breakdown strength 70 MV·m-1, energy storage density 0.41 J·cm-3. The dielectric constant of BT modified by Al2O3is decreased while the dielectric strength of the modified BT/PI composite film is increased.

Experimental study on the lightning impulse dielectric strength of liquid nitrogen insulation medium according to various pressures

2011 ◽  
Vol 471 (21-22) ◽  
pp. 1581-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Na ◽  
H. Kang ◽  
K.S. Chang ◽  
Y.J. Kim ◽  
S.Y. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Dielectric Strength ◽  
Lightning Impulse

scholarly journals The increasing atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. Simmonds ◽  
Matthew Rigby ◽  
Alistair J. Manning ◽  
Sunyoung Park ◽  
Kieran M. Stanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electric Power Industry ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Global Emission ◽  
History Of ◽  
Technological Improvements

Abstract. We report a 40-year history of SF6 atmospheric mole fractions measured at the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) monitoring sites, combined with archived air samples to determine emission estimates from 1978–2018. Previously we reported a global emission rate of 7.3 ± 0.6 Gigagrams (Gg) yr−1 in 2008 and over the past decade emissions have continued to increase by about 24 % to 9.04 ± 0.35 Gg yr−1 in 2018. We show that changing patterns in SF6 consumption from developed (Kyoto Protocol Annex-1) to developing countries (non-Annex-1) and the rapid global expansion of the electric power industry, mainly in Asia, have increased the demand for SF6-insulated switchgear, circuit breakers and transformers. The large bank of SF6 sequestered in this electrical equipment provides a substantial source of emissions from maintenance, replacement and continuous leakage. Other emissive sources of SF6 occur from the magnesium, aluminium, electronics industries and more minor industrial applications. More recently, reported emissions, including those from electrical equipment and metal industries, primarily in the Annex-1 countries, have steadily declined through substitution of alternative blanketing gases and technological improvements in less emissive equipment and more efficient industrial practices. Conversely, in the non-Annex-1 countries SF6 emissions have increased due to an expansion in the growth of the electrical power, metal and electronics industries to support their development. There is an annual difference of 2.5–5 Gg yr−1 (1990–2018) between our modelled top-down emissions and the UNFCCC reported bottom-up emissions, which we attempt to reconcile through analysis of the potential contribution of emissions from the various industrial applications which use SF6. We also investigate regional emissions in East Asia (China, S. Korea) and Western Europe and their respective contributions to the global atmospheric SF6 inventory. On an average annual basis, our estimated emissions from the whole of China are approximately 10 times greater than emissions from Western Europe. In 2018, our modelled Chinese and Western European emissions accounted for ~ 36 % and 3.1 %, respectively, of our global SF6 emissions estimate.

scholarly journals Chemical modifications of castor oil: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-217
Author(s):  
Ntsako Portia Chauke ◽  
Hembe Elie Mukaya ◽  
Diakanua Bavon Nkazi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Natural Oils ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The necessity of using petrochemicals for the development of polymers has been deteriorating because of the depletion in fossil fuels and environmental concerns such as the effect of greenhouse gases, global warming, and increasing population. Research has shown a shift from petroleum-based fuels to plant oil–based fuels in order to shift to renewable resources. Natural oils such as castor oil have shown competitive physical and chemical properties as compared to fossil fuels. The use of natural oils has gained a lot of research interest due to the fact that they are renewable, affordable, and environmentally friendly. Bio-oils are versatile because they have various derivatives and can be used in different grades based on the application in various industries such as agriculture, food, paper, and electronics. Bio-binders have been considered as the most promising materials for the different applications. In this review, the processes of chemical modifications of castor oil are discussed.

Sulfur hexafluoride and the electric power industry

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.G. Christophorou ◽  
J.K. Olthoff ◽  
R.J. Van Brunt
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Electric Power Industry ◽  
Power Industry
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