scholarly journals Orientation of the Head and Trunk During Functional Upper Limb Movement

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 2115
Author(s):  
Agnès Roby-Brami ◽  
Marie-Martine Lefèvre Colau ◽  
Ross Parry ◽  
Sessi Acapo ◽  
Francois Rannou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Trunk Rotation ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Trunk Posture ◽  
Trunk Orientation

Upper limb activities imply positioning of the head with respect to the visual target and may impact trunk posture. However, the postural constraints imposed on the neck remains unclear. We used kinematic analysis to compare head and trunk orientation during arm movements (pointing) with isolated movements of the head (heading). Ten right-handed healthy adults completed both experimental tasks. In the heading task, subjects directed their face toward eight visual targets placed over a wide frontal workspace. In the pointing task, subjects pointed to the same targets (each with their right arm). Movements were recorded using an electromagnetic spatial tracking system. Both orientation of the head and trunk in space (Euler angles) and orientation of the head relative to the trunk were extracted. The orientation of the head in space was closely related to target direction during both tasks. The trunk was relatively stable during heading but contributed to pointing, with leftward axial rotation. These findings illustrate that the neck compensates for trunk rotation during pointing, engaging in specific target-dependent 3D movement in order to preserve head orientation in space. Future studies may investigate neck kinematics of people experiencing neck pain in order to identify and correct inefficient movement patterns, particularly in athletes.

Effects of shoulder translation on lumbar moment for two dimensional modeling strategies during lifting

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Wayne J. Albert ◽  
Joan M. Stevenson ◽  
Geneviève A. Dumas ◽  
Roger W. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Model Type ◽  
Trunk Acceleration ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Trunk Orientation ◽  
Shoulder Position ◽  
Dynamic Link

The objectives of this study were to: 1) develop a dynamic 2D link segment model for lifting using the constraints of four sensors from an electromagnetic motion analysis system; 2) evaluate the magnitude of shoulder movement in the sagittal plane during lifting; and 3) investigate the effect of shoulder translation on trunk acceleration and lumbar moments calculated by the developed model and comparing it with two separate 2D dynamic link segment models. Six women and six men lifted loads of 2 kg, 7 kg, 12 kg and 2 kg, 12 kg, 22 kg respectively, under stoop, squat and freestyle conditions. Trunk orientation and position, as well as shoulder position were monitored during all lifts using the Polhemus FASTRAK\trdmk. Results indicated that average range of motion was 0.05 ± 0.02 m in the horizontal direction and 0.03 ± 0.02 m in the vertical direction. Shoulder position relative to T1 was located 0.07 ± 0.02 m anteriorly, and 0.02 ± 0.04 m superiorly (0.06 and 0.00 m for males and 0.08 and 0.04 m for females, respectively). To estimate the effect of shoulder motion on trunk acceleration and L5/S1 moments, three two-dimensional dynamic link segment models were developed within the constraints of the electromagnetic tracking system and compared. Trunk segment endpoints were defined as L5/S1 and either T1 or shoulder depending on model type. For trunk accelerations, average differences between models were greater than 40 deg/s² in 70.4% trunk accelerations did not translate into significantly different moment calculations between models. Average peak dynamic L5/S1 moment differences between models were smaller than 4 Nm for all lifting conditions which failed to be statistically significant (p>0.05). The model type did not have a statistically significant effect on peak L5/S1 moments. Therefore, despite important shoulder joint translations, peak L5/S1 moments were not significantly affected.

The cervical end of an occipitocervical fusion: a biomechanical evaluation of 3 constructs

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Finn ◽  
Daniel R. Fassett ◽  
Todd D. Mccall ◽  
Randy Clark ◽  
Andrew T. Dailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracking System ◽  
Plate Fixation ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Lateral Mass ◽  
Lateral Bending ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
3D Tracking ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Biomechanical Evaluation ◽  
Rotation Motion

Object Stabilization with rigid screw/rod fixation is the treatment of choice for craniocervical disorders requiring operative stabilization. The authors compare the relative immediate stiffness for occipital plate fixation in concordance with transarticular screw fixation (TASF), C-1 lateral mass and C-2 pars screw (C1L-C2P), and C-1 lateral mass and C-2 laminar screw (C1L-C2L) constructs, with and without a cross-link. Methods Ten intact human cadaveric spines (Oc–C4) were prepared and mounted in a 7-axis spine simulator. Each specimen was precycled and then tested in the intact state for flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Motion was tracked using the OptoTRAK 3D tracking system. The specimens were then destabilized and instrumented with an occipital plate and TASF. The spine was tested with and without the addition of a cross-link. The C1L-C2P and C1L-C2L constructs were similarly tested. Results All constructs demonstrated a significant increase in stiffness after instrumentation. The C1L-C2P construct was equivalent to the TASF in all moments. The C1L-C2L was significantly weaker than the C1L-C2P construct in all moments and significantly weaker than the TASF in lateral bending. The addition of a cross-link made no difference in the stiffness of any construct. Conclusions All constructs provide significant immediate stability in the destabilized occipitocervical junction. Although the C1L-C2P construct performed best overall, the TASF was similar, and either one can be recommended. Decreased stiffness of the C1L-C2L construct might affect the success of clinical fusion. This construct should be reserved for cases in which anatomy precludes the use of the other two.

Influence of head orientation on visually and memory-guided arm movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guerraz ◽  
Sébastien Caudron ◽  
Noémylle Thomassin ◽  
Jean Blouin
Keyword(s):  
Arm Movements ◽  
Head Orientation

scholarly journals Association of Upper Extremity Pain With Softball Pitching Kinematics and Kinetics

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 232596711986517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen D. Oliver ◽  
Kenzie Friesen ◽  
Jeff W. Barfield ◽  
Kevin Giordano ◽  
Adam Anz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Division I ◽  
Trunk Rotation ◽  
Kinetic Chain

Background: There is a paucity of research regarding the relationship between fastpitch softball pitching mechanics and reported pain. Thus, understanding the pitching mechanics of athletes pitching with upper extremity pain and those pain free is paramount. Purpose: To examine lower extremity pitching mechanics, upper extremity kinetics, and upper extremity pain in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female softball pitchers. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 37 NCAA Division I female softball pitchers (mean age, 19.84 ± 1.28 years; mean height, 173.67 ± 7.77 cm; mean weight, 78.98 ± 12.40 kg) from across the United States were recruited to participate. Participants were divided into 2 groups: upper extremity pain (n = 13; mean age, 19.69 ± 1.18 years; mean height, 172.60 ± 11.49 cm; mean weight, 86.75 ± 13.02 kg) and pain free (n = 24; mean age, 19.91 ± 1.35 years; mean height, 174.26 ± 4.96 cm; mean weight, 74.78 ± 9.97 kg). An electromagnetic tracking system was used to obtain kinematic and kinetic data during the riseball softball pitch. Results: At foot contact ( F 3,33 = 7.01, P = .001), backward elimination regression revealed that stride length, trunk rotation, and center of mass (COM) significantly explained about 33% of variance with softball pitchers experiencing upper extremity pain (adjusted R 2 = 0.33). Conclusion: At foot contact, the kinematic variables of increased trunk rotation toward the pitching arm side, increased stride length, and a posteriorly shifted COM were associated with upper extremity pain in collegiate softball pitchers. Variables early in the pitching motion that do not set a working and constructive proximal kinetic chain foundation for the rest of the pitch to follow could be associated with breakdowns more distal in the kinetic chain, possibly increasing the susceptibility to upper extremity pain. Clinical Relevance: The identification of pitching mechanics associated with pain allows clinicians to develop exercises to avoid such mechanics. Avoiding mechanics associated with pain may help reduce the prevalence of pain in windmill softball pitchers as well as help coaches incorporate quantitative biomechanics into their instruction.

Biomechanical analysis of Goel technique for C1–2 fusion

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Park ◽  
Justin K. Scheer ◽  
T. Jesse Lim ◽  
Vedat Deviren ◽  
Christopher P. Ames
Keyword(s):  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Pedicle Screws ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Lateral Bending ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Rod System ◽  
Harms Technique

Object The Goel technique, in which C1–2 intraarticular spacers are used, may be performed to restore stability to a disrupted atlantoaxial complex in conjunction with the Harms technique of placing polyaxial screws and bilateral rods. However, it has yet to be determined biomechanically whether the addition of the C1–2 joint spacers increases the multiaxial rigidity of the fixation construct. The goal of this study was to quantify changes in multiaxial rigidity of the combined Goel-Harms technique with the addition of C1–2 intraarticular spacers. Methods Seven cadaveric cervical spines (occiput–C2) were submitted to nondestructive flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation tests in a material testing machine spine tester. The authors applied 1.5 Nm at a rate of 0.1 Nm/second and held it constant for 10 seconds. The specimens were loaded 3 times, and data were collected on the third cycle. Testing of the specimens was performed for the following groups: 1) intact (I); 2) with the addition of C-1 lateral mass/C-2 pedicle screws and rod system (I+SR); 3) with C1–2 joint capsule incision, decortication (2 mm on top and bottom of each joint [that is, the C-1 and C-2 surface) and addition of bilateral C1–2 intraarticular spacers at C1–2 junction to the screws and rods (I+SR+C); 4) after removal of the posterior rods and only the bilateral spacers in place (I+C); 5) after removal of spacers and further destabilization with simulated odontoidectomy for a completely destabilized case (D); 6) with addition of posterior rods to the destabilized case (D+SR); and 7) with addition of bilateral C1–2 intraarticular spacers at C1–2 junction to the destabilized case (D+SR+C). The motion of C-1 was measured by a 3D motion tracking system and the motion of C-2 was measured by the rotational sensor of the testing system. The range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) across C-1 and C-2 were evaluated. Results For the intact spine test groups, the addition of screws/rods (I+SR) and screws/rods/cages (I+SR+C) significantly reduced ROM and NZ compared with the intact spine (I) for flexion-extension and axial rotation (p < 0.05) but not lateral bending (p > 0.05). The 2 groups were not significantly different from each other in any bending mode for ROM and NZ, but in the destabilized condition the addition of screws/rods (D+SR) and screws/rods/cages (D+SR+C) significantly reduced ROM and NZ compared with the destabilized spine (D) in all bending modes (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the addition of the C1–2 intraarticular spacers (D+SR+C) significantly reduced ROM (flexion-extension and axial rotation) and NZ (lateral bending) compared with the screws and rods alone (D+SR). Conclusions Study result indicated that both the Goel and Harms techniques alone and with the addition of the C1–2 intraarticular spacers to the Goel-Harms technique are advantageous for stabilizing the atlantoaxial segment. The Goel technique combined with placement of a screw/rod construct appears to result in additional construct rigidity beyond the screw/rod technique and appears to be more useful in very unstable cases.

Study on Motion Measurement of Human Upper Limb Based on Electromagnetic Tracking System during the Activities of Daily Living

2013 ◽  
Vol 321-324 ◽  
pp. 684-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Yan Song ◽  
Jian Guo Zhang ◽  
Fang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
Electromagnetic Tracking ◽  
Chinese Adult ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Electromagnetic Tracking System ◽  
Human Upper Limb

The measurement and analysis of human motion during the Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) is widely used in rehabilitation, ergonomics, diagnosis, and bionics etc. By using American PolhemusTMelectromagnetic tracking system, the human upper limb motions of 6 objects performing 12 basic actions of ADLs were measured. Then the joint angle ranges of human upper limb were obtained by upper limb motion analysis system developed by ourselves. The results can provide reference for complete, standardized Chinese adult human upper limb kinematics parameters.

Influence of globus pallidus on arm movements in monkeys. II. Effects of stimulation

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Horak ◽  
M. E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Kainic Acid ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Inhibitory Process ◽  
Arm Reaching ◽  
Sequential Activation

The effect of changing basal ganglia activity with electrical stimulation in and around the globus pallidus (GP) was studied in monkeys trained to make rapid arm-reaching movements to a visual target in a reaction time task. As was the case following kainic acid (KA) lesions of the globus pallidus (30), stimulation changed movement times (MT) without affecting the pattern of sequential activation of muscles involved in the task or, in most cases, the reaction times (RT). Stimulation in the ventrolateral internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) or in the ansa lenticularis reduced movement times, whereas stimulation at many sites in the external pallidal segment (GPe), dorsal GPi, and putamen increased movement times for the contralateral arm. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that arm movements are speeded up when the critical output of GPi is increased and arm movements are slowed down when critical GPi output is reduced, either by an inhibitory process (via stimulation-induced activation of inhibitory elements presynaptic to GPi) or by destroying GPi neurons (via kainic acid). The influence of the basal ganglia on the scaling of electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, as opposed to the spatiotemporal organization of EMG activation, is discussed.

D-3 Upper Limb Functional Evaluation on Baseball Pitchers Through a Portable 3D Tracking System Based on Inertial Sensors

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. S69
Author(s):  
A. Pellegrini ◽  
P. Garofalo ◽  
A.G. Cutti ◽  
I. Parel ◽  
P. Tonino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
3D Tracking ◽  
Baseball Pitchers

scholarly journals Determining the Accuracy of Oculus Touch Controllers for Motor Rehabilitation Applications Using Quantifiable Upper Limb Kinematics: Validation Study (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leia C Shum ◽  
Bulmaro A Valdés ◽  
HF Machiel Van der Loos
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Motor Rehabilitation ◽  
Step Size ◽  
Position Accuracy ◽  
Upper Limb Movements ◽  
Motion Tracking System ◽  
Play Space

BACKGROUND As commercial motion tracking technology becomes more readily available, it is necessary to evaluate the accuracy of these systems before using them for biomechanical and motor rehabilitation applications. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the relative position accuracy of the Oculus Touch controllers in a 2.4 x 2.4 m play-space. METHODS Static data samples (n=180) were acquired from the Oculus Touch controllers at step sizes ranging from 5 to 500 mm along 16 different points on the play-space floor with graph paper in the x (width), y (height), and z (depth) directions. The data were compared with reference values using measurements from digital calipers, accurate to 0.01 mm; physical blocks, for which heights were confirmed with digital calipers; and for larger step sizes (300 and 500 mm), a ruler with hatch marks to millimeter units. RESULTS It was found that the maximum position accuracy error of the system was 3.5 ± 2.5 mm at the largest step size of 500 mm along the z-axis. When normalized to step size, the largest error found was 12.7 ± 9.9% at the smallest step size in the y-axis at 6.23 mm. When the step size was <10 mm in any direction, the relative position accuracy increased considerably to above 2% (approximately 2 mm at maximum). An average noise value of 0.036 mm was determined. A comparison of these values to cited visual, goniometric, and proprioceptive resolutions concludes that this system is viable for tracking upper-limb movements for biomechanical and rehabilitation applications. The accuracy of the system was also compared with accuracy values from previous studies using other commercially available devices and a multicamera, marker-based professional motion tracking system. CONCLUSIONS The study found that the linear position accuracy of the Oculus Touch controllers was within an agreeable range for measuring human kinematics in rehabilitative upper-limb exercise protocols. Further testing is required to ascertain acceptable repeatability in multiple sessions and rotational accuracy.

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