scholarly journals Odour Emissions of Municipal Waste Biogas Plants—Impact of Technological Factors, Air Temperature and Humidity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Wiśniewska ◽  
Andrzej Kulig ◽  
Krystyna Lelicińska-Serafin
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Biogas plants processing municipal waste are an important part of a circular economy (energy generation from biogas and organic fertiliser production for the treatment of selectively collected biowaste). However, the technological processes taking place may be associated with odour nuisance. The paper presents the results of pilot research conducted at six municipal waste biogas plants in Poland. It shows the relations between odour intensity and concentration and the occurring meteorological and ambient conditions (air temperature and relative humidity) and technological factors at biogas plants processing municipal waste. The impact of meteorological and ambient conditions was identified by measuring air temperature and relative humidity and observing their changes. The impact of technological factors was identified by measuring odorant concentration (volatile organic compounds and ammonia) and observing their changes between individual measurement series. At most analysed biogas plants, the influence of technological factors on odour emissions took place and was clearly noted. The elements of biogas installations characterised by the highest concentration of these odorants were indicated. Special attention should be paid to the choice of technological solutions and technical and organisational measures to reduce the impact of unfavourable atmospheric conditions on odour emissions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Technological Processes on Odorant Emissions at Municipal Waste Biogas Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5457
Author(s):  
Marta Wiśniewska ◽  
Andrzej Kulig ◽  
Krystyna Lelicińska-Serafin
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Technological Processes ◽  
Biological Part ◽  
Gas Detector ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Municipal waste treatment is inherently associated with odour emissions. The compounds characteristic of the processes used for this purpose, and at the same time causing a negative olfactory sensation, are organic and inorganic sulphur and nitrogen compounds. The tests were carried out at the waste management plant, which in the biological part, uses the methane fermentation process and is also equipped with an installation for the collection, treatment, and energetic use of biogas. The tests include measurements of the four odorant concentrations and emissions, i.e., volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and methanethiol (CH3SH). Measurements were made using a MultiRae Pro portable gas detector sensor. The tests were carried out in ten series for twenty measurement points in each series. The results show a significant impact of technological processes on odorant emissions. The types of waste going to the plant are also important in shaping this emission. On the one hand, it relates to the waste collection system and, on the other hand, the season of year. In addition, it has been proved that the detector used during the research is a valuable tool enabling the control of technological processes in municipal waste processing plants.

scholarly journals The Importance of the Microclimatic Conditions Inside and Outside of Plant Buildings in Odorants Emission at Municipal Waste Biogas Installations

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6463
Author(s):  
Marta Wiśniewska ◽  
Andrzej Kulig ◽  
Krystyna Lelicińska-Serafin
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Technological Line ◽  
Waste Storage ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Pumping Stations ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions

Municipal waste biogas plants are an important element of waste treatment and energy policy. In this study, odorant concentrations and emissions were measured together with the air temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) to confirm the hypothesis that the microclimatic conditions have an important impact on the level of odorant emission at municipal waste biogas plants. A simple correlation analysis was made to evaluate the strength and the direction of the relationship between the odorant concentration and emission and air temperature and relative humidity. The mean volatile organic compound (VOC) and NH3 concentrations vary depending on the stage of the technological line of the analysed municipal waste biogas plants and are in the following ranges, respectively: 0–38.64 ppm and 0–100 ppm. The odorant concentrations and emissions correlated statistically significantly with T primarily influences VOC concentrations and emissions while RH mainly affects NH3 concentrations and emissions. The strongest correlations were noted for the fermentation preparation section and for emissions from roof ventilators depending on the analysed plant. The smallest influence of microclimatic factors was observed at the beginning of the technological line—in the waste storage section and mechanical treatment hall. This is due to the greater impact of the type and quality of waste delivered the plants. The analysis of correlation between individual odorants showed significant relationships between VOCs and NH3 for most stages of the technological line of both biogas plants. In the case of technological sewage pumping stations, a significant relationship was also observed between VOCs and H2S. The obtained results may be helpful in preparing strategies to reduce the odours from waste treatment plants.

scholarly journals The Use of Chemical Sensors to Monitor Odour Emissions at Municipal Waste Biogas Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3916
Author(s):  
Marta Wiśniewska ◽  
Andrzej Kulig ◽  
Krystyna Lelicińska-Serafin
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Technological Processes ◽  
Odour Activity Value ◽  
Gas Detector ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Odour Emissions

Municipal waste treatment plants are an important element of the urban area infrastructure, but also, they are a potential source of odour nuisance. Odour impact from municipal waste processing plants raises social concerns regarding the well-being of employees operating the plants and residents of nearby areas. Chemical methods involve the determination of the quantitative composition of compounds comprising odour. These methods are less costly than olfactometry, and their efficiency is not dependent on human response. The relationship between the concentration of a single odorant and its odour threshold (OT) is determined by the odour activity value (OAV) parameter. The research involved the application of a multi-gas detector, MultiRae Pro. Measurements by means of the device were conducted at three municipal waste biogas plants located in Poland. In this paper we describe the results obtained when using a detector during the technological processes, the unitary procedures conducted at the plants, and the technological regime. The determination of these relationships could be useful in the development of odour nuisance minimization procedures at treatment plants and the adjustment to them. This is of paramount importance from the viewpoint of the safety and hygiene of the employees operating the installations and the comfort of residents in the areas surrounding biogas plants. Monitoring of expressed odorant emissions allows the course of technological processes and conducted unit operations to be controlled.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of heat on human physical work capacity; part II: the observed interaction of air velocity with temperature, humidity, sweat rate, and clothing is not captured by most heat stress indices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Foster ◽  
James W. Smallcombe ◽  
Simon Hodder ◽  
Ollie Jay ◽  
Andreas D. Flouris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Increasing air movement can alleviate or exacerbate occupational heat strain, but the impact is not well defined across a wide range of hot environments, with different clothing levels. Therefore, we combined a large empirical study with a physical model of human heat transfer to determine the climates where increased air movement (with electric fans) provides effective body cooling. The model allowed us to generate practical advice using a high-resolution matrix of temperature and humidity. The empirical study involved a total of 300 1-h work trials in a variety of environments (35, 40, 45, and 50 °C, with 20 up to 80% relative humidity) with and without simulated wind (3.5 vs 0.2 m∙s−1), and wearing either minimal clothing or a full body work coverall. Our data provides compelling evidence that the impact of fans is strongly determined by air temperature and humidity. When air temperature is ≥ 35 °C, fans are ineffective and potentially harmful when relative humidity is below 50%. Our simulated data also show the climates where high wind/fans are beneficial or harmful, considering heat acclimation, age, and wind speed. Using unified weather indices, the impact of air movement is well captured by the universal thermal climate index, but not by wet-bulb globe temperature and aspirated wet-bulb temperature. Overall, the data from this study can inform new guidance for major public and occupational health agencies, potentially maintaining health and productivity in a warming climate.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nature-based solutions implementation scenarios, using urban surface modelling

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Panagiotakis ◽  
Dionysia Kolokotsa ◽  
Nektarios Chrysoulakis
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The present paper aims to study the impact of Nature Based Solutions (NBS) on the urban environment. The Surface Urban Energy and Water balance Scheme (SUEWS) is used to quantify the impact of NBS in the city of Heraklion, Crete, Greece, a densely built urban area. Local meteorological data and data from an Eddy Covariance flux tower installed in the city center are used for the model simulation and evaluation. Five different scenarios are tested by replacing the city’s roofs and pavements with green infrastructure, i.e., trees and grass, and water bodies. The NBS impact evaluation is based on the changes of air temperature above 2m from the ground, relative humidity and energy fluxes. A decrease of the air temperature is revealed with the highest reduction (2.3%) occurring when the pavements are replaced with grass for all scenarios. The reduction of the air temperature is followed by a decrease in turbulent sensible heat flux. For almost all cases, an increase of the relative humidity is noticed, accompanied by a considerable increase of the turbulent latent heat flux. Therefore, NBS in cities change the energy balance significantly and modify the urban environment for the citizens' benefit.

scholarly journals Humidity effects on the detection of soluble and insoluble nanoparticles in butanol operated condensation particle counters

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3659-3671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Tauber ◽  
Sophia Brilke ◽  
Peter Josef Wlasits ◽  
Paulus Salomon Bauer ◽  
Gerald Köberl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Expansion Chamber ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Neutral Particles ◽  
Charge Dependence ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Humidity Dependence ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In this study the impact of humidity on heterogeneous nucleation of n-butanol onto hygroscopic and nonabsorbent charged and neutral particles was investigated using a fast expansion chamber and commercial continuous flow type condensation particle counters (CPCs). More specifically, we measured the activation probability of sodium chloride (NaCl) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles by using n-butanol as condensing liquid with the size analyzing nuclei counter (SANC). In addition, the cutoff diameters of regular butanol-based CPCs for both seed materials under different charging states were measured and compared to SANC results. Our findings reveal a strong humidity dependence of NaCl particles in the sub-10 nm size range since the activation of sodium chloride seeds is enhanced with increasing relative humidity. In addition, negatively charged NaCl particles with a diameter below 3.5 nm reveal a charge-enhanced activation. For Ag seeds this humidity and charge dependence was not observed, underlining the importance of molecular interactions between seed and vapor molecules. Consequently, the cutoff diameter of a butanol-based CPC can be reduced significantly by increasing the relative humidity. This finding suggests that cutoff diameters of butanol CPCs under ambient conditions are likely smaller than corresponding cutoff diameters measured under clean (dry) laboratory conditions. At the same time, we caution that the humidity dependence may lead to wrong interpretations if the aerosol composition is not known.

scholarly journals Passage through phenophases by milkvetches introduced into the environments of the Kulunda Steppe

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
T. V. Kornievskaya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Phenology ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Dry Steppe ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
The Impact

Background. Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the study of plant phenology in the context of the global climate change. By now, the question of how climate factors affect the phenophases of plants has not yet been fully investigated. Accurate forecasts for biological responses of plant species to climate change require profound understanding of the impact produced by meteorological factors on plant phenology.Materials and methods. The research was targeted at Astragalus L. spp. introduced into the dry steppe areas of the Kulunda Plain. Meteorological indicators were selected for agrometeorological description of the plant introduction site to assess its hydrothermal conditions. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to identify the level of correlations between the studied parameters.Results. High air temperature shortened the growing season of Astragalus cicer L., but lengthened its flowering and fruiting phases. An increase in relative air humidity shortened the flowering in A. cicer. Meteorological indicators did not significantly affect the duration of the phenophases in A. sulcatus L. For A. onobrychis L., an increase in the average relative humidity reduced the budding phase, while an increase in the average and maximum air temperature and an increase in the amount of precipitation increased the flowering period. A decrease in air temperature and average relative humidity, and an increase in the total precipitation lengthened the duration of fruiting in A. onobrychis. Increased average temperature and humidity reduced its fruiting phase.Conclusion. A. sulcatus is tolerant to the dry steppe environments. The phenophases of A. cicer and A. onobrychis are more responsive to changes in meteorological indicators. In A. onobrychis, the fruiting phase is susceptible to the combined impact of climate factors. The limiting factors for A. cicer are relative humidity, total precipitation and mean temperature during the growing season.

The impact of relative humidity, genotypes and fertilizer application rates on panicle, leaf temperature, fertility and seed setting of rice

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. YAN ◽  
Y. DING ◽  
Q. WANG ◽  
Z. LIU ◽  
G. LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYA series of field and plant growth chamber experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to study how relative humidity (RH), genotypes and nitrogen application rates affect organ temperatures and spikelet fertility rates in rice. It was observed that organ temperatures varied with air temperature, RH, genotype and nitrogen application rate. Increases in RH at constant air temperature and increasing air temperature with a constant RH both increased organ temperatures significantly. Cultivars also exhibited differences in organ temperatures; those cultivars with erect panicles recorded lower organ temperatures than those with droopy panicles under similar climatic conditions. Similarly, cultivars with panicles above the flag leaf had lower temperatures at the panicle when compared to those plants with the panicle below the flag leaf. It was also found that panicle temperature showed a significant negative correlation with both grain filling rate and seed setting rate. Spikelet fertility could be maintained by reducing spikelet temperature under decreasing RH in a high-temperature environment. Panicle fertilizer application rates had a significant effect on the organ and canopy temperatures. The canopy temperature of rice grown with an ample supply of nitrogen was generally cooler than the canopy temperature of a nitrogen-deficient treatment.

scholarly journals Mugwort (Artemisia L.) pollen in aeroplankton of Lublin, 2001-2005

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Bogusław M. Kaszewski ◽  
Krystyna Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Pollen Season ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Volumetric Method ◽  
Pollen Concentration ◽  
The Impact

The course of the <i>Artemisia</i> pollen season was recorded in Lublin over a period of five years: 2001-2005. The volumetric method was applied in the studies, using a VPPS 2000 Lanzoni trap. The length of the season was determined by the 98% method. The impact of several meteorological factors on the start and course of the pollen season was analysed. It was found that in the five-year period studied the mugwort pollen season started in the second or third decade of July and lasted 59-90 days. Maximum concentrations in the range of 103-221 pollen grains in 1 m<sup>3</sup> of air were noted between 2 and 9 August. Annual totals of mugwort pollen grains ranged from 1496 to 2532. A significant positive correlation was demonstrated between the <i>Artemisia</i> pollen concentration and air temperature, and a negative correlation between the pollen concentration and air relative humidity and cloudiness. A significant impact of temperature on the start of the <i>Artemisia</i> pollen season was also found.

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