scholarly journals An IoT-Based Glucose Monitoring Algorithm to Prevent Diabetes Complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 921
Author(s):  
Francisco Valenzuela ◽  
Armando García ◽  
Erica Ruiz. ◽  
Mabel Vázquez ◽  
Joaquín Cortez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Condition ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by blood glucose levels above normal limits. The impact of this disease on the population has increased in recent years. It is already a public health problem worldwide and one of the leading causes of death. Recently, several proposals have been developed for better and regular monitoring of glucose. However, theses proposals do not discard erroneous readings and they are not able to anticipate a critical condition. In this work, we propose an algorithm based on the double moving average supported by an IoT architecture to prevent possible complications in elderly patients. The algorithm uses historical readings to construct a series. Given a number of periods, it is possible to calculate averages of different subsets and trends for the next periods and, in this way, the prognosis is obtained. With the prognosis, it is possible to notify the doctor and relatives in advance about a possible critical condition in the patient. The aim of our work is to validate the architecture and prognosis algorithm used for elderly persons. Tests of the algorithm and the architecture were performed with different readings and it was shown that the system generated corresponding notifications before the glucose values were higher than those defined by the WHO (World Health Organization), thus avoiding unnecessary alarms.

Pharmacogenetics of Metformin

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Alrahman Joneri
Keyword(s):  
American Diabetes Association ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Line ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

Hyperglycemia is a medical condition in which an increase in glucose levels in the blood exceeds normal limits. Hyperglycemia is one of the typical signs of diabetes mellitus (DM). The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts an increase in the number of people with DM which is a global health threat. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, and the leading cause of heart disease and stroke, in adults. Metformin, which is a biguanide group, is recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes as the first-line oral therapy for DM and is the most widely used oral medication worldwide. Metformin can also increase peripheral glucose utilization and ultimately decrease the production of fatty acids and triglycerides. Some of the individual differences that underlie the variation in response to metformin.

scholarly journals Insights from mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis on the proposed WHO 2030 targets for visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1651
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
District Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by Leishmania protozoa that are transmitted by female sand flies. On the Indian subcontinent (ISC), VL is targeted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for elimination as a public health problem by 2020, which is defined as <1 VL case (new and relapse) per 10,000 population at district level in Nepal and sub-district level in Bangladesh and India. WHO is currently in the process of formulating 2030 targets, asking whether to maintain the 2020 target or to modify it, while adding a target of zero mortality among detected cases. The NTD Modelling Consortium has developed various mathematical VL transmission models to gain insight into the transmission dynamics of VL, identify the main knowledge gaps, and predict the feasibility of achieving and sustaining the targets by simulating the impact of varying intervention strategies. According to the models, the current target is feasible at the appropriate district/sub-district level in settings with medium VL endemicities (up to 5 reported VL cases per 10,000 population per year) prior to the start of the interventions. However, in settings with higher pre-control endemicities, additional efforts may be required. We also highlight the risk that those with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) may pose to reaching and sustaining the VL targets, and therefore advocate adding control of PKDL cases to the new 2030 targets. Spatial analyses revealed that local hotspots with high VL incidence remain. We warn that the current target provides a perverse incentive to not detect/report cases as the target is approached, posing a risk for truly achieving elimination as a public health problem although this is taken into consideration by the WHO procedures for validation. Ongoing modelling work focuses on the risk of recrudescence when interventions are relaxed after the elimination target has been achieved.

scholarly journals Design and Dimensional Measurement of Interdigital Sensor for Blood Glucose Measurement through Non-Invasive Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 6437-6441
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Blood Glucose Measurement ◽  
World Health ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Reduced Physical Activity ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Health Organization

Diabetes has shown to be a chronic disease world over, mainly caused due to reduced physical activity and increased obesity. World health organization statistics show diabetes as a leading cause of disability universally. To avoid extreme medical conditions of subjects, regular monitoring of their glucose levels has been suggested. The most common method that has been in use is the pinprick method for glucose monitoring which carries the risk of contamination as well as irritation. One possible approach called noninvasive technique can be adopted to avoid this major concern. This paper presents designing Inter-Digital-Sensor (IDS) for non-invasive sensing of the glucose level. The sensor-based chip once mounted onto the upper arm or pinkie finger of diabetes subject, is able to sense different glucose levels concentration as impedance plots. A set of several simulation results has been obtained using COMSOL for getting optimized dimensions of the sensor digits. This research has presented the generation of an electric field and intensity by using electrode of known length with element spacing varying from 250µm to 600µm developed over 15mm x 20mm sensor area. An ID of 475µm width spacing with ten (10) digits producing 2.33 pF of capacitance value with impedance resonating at 13 GHz of frequency is reported in this paper

scholarly journals Trachoma Prevalence After Discontinuation of Mass Azithromycin Distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 (Supplement_5) ◽  
pp. S519-S524
Author(s):  
William Godwin ◽  
Joaquin M Prada ◽  
Paul Emerson ◽  
P J Hooper ◽  
Ana Bakhtiari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Program Cycle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oral Azithromycin

Abstract Background As the World Health Organization seeks to eliminate trachoma by 2020, countries are beginning to control the transmission of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) and discontinue mass drug administration (MDA) with oral azithromycin. We evaluated the effect of MDA discontinuation on TF1–9 prevalence at the district level. Methods We extracted from the available data districts with an impact survey at the end of their program cycle that initiated discontinuation of MDA (TF1–9 prevalence &lt;5%), followed by a surveillance survey conducted to determine whether TF1–9 prevalence remained below the 5% threshold, warranting discontinuation of MDA. Two independent analyses were performed, 1 regression based and 1 simulation based, that assessed the change in TF1–9 from the impact survey to the surveillance survey. Results Of the 220 districts included, TF1–9 prevalence increased to &gt;5% from impact to surveillance survey in 9% of districts. Regression analysis indicated that impact survey TF1–9 prevalence was a significant predictor of surveillance survey TF1–9 prevalence. The proportion of simulations with &gt;5% TF1–9 prevalence in the surveillance survey was 2%, assuming the survey was conducted 4 years after MDA. Conclusion An increase in TF1–9 prevalence may represent disease resurgence but could also be due to measurement error. Improved diagnostic tests are crucial to elimination of TF1–9 as a public health problem.

scholarly journals Insights from quantitative and mathematical modelling on the proposed WHO 2030 goal for schistosomiasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Current Guidelines

Schistosomiasis remains one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) impacting millions of people around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently proposed a goal of elimination as a public health problem (EPHP) for schistosomiasis to be reached by 2030. Current WHO treatment guidelines for achieving EPHP focus on targeting school-aged children. The NTD Modelling Consortium has developed mathematical models to study schistosomiasis transmission dynamics and the impact of control measures. Our modelling insights on Schistosoma mansoni have shown that EPHP is likely to be attainable in low to moderate prevalence settings using the current guidelines. However, as prevalence rises within higher settings, EPHP is less likely to be achieved unless both school-aged children and adults are treated (with coverage levels increasing with the adult burden of infection). We highlight the challenges that are faced by treatment programmes, such as non-adherence to treatment and resurgence, which can hinder progress towards achieving and maintaining EPHP. Additionally, even though EPHP may be reached, prevalence can still be high due to persisting infections. Therefore, without elimination of transmission, treatment will likely have to continue to maintain EPHP. Further modelling work is being carried out, including extending our results to S. haematobium. By providing these modelling insights, we aim to inform discussions on the goals and treatment guidelines for schistosomiasis.

scholarly journals Risks of and From SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 in People With Diabetes: a Systematic Review of Reviews

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Hartmann-Boyce ◽  
Karen Rees ◽  
James C Perring ◽  
Sven A Kerneis ◽  
Elizabeth M. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Background <p>This review was commissioned by the World Health Organization and presents a summary of the latest research evidence on the impact of COVID-19 in people with diabetes (PWD).</p> <p>Purpose </p> <p>To review the evidence regarding the extent to which PWD are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and/or of suffering its complications including associated mortality.</p> <p>Data sources</p> <p>We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 study register, Embase, MEDLINE, and LitCOVID on 3 December 2020.</p> <p>Study selection</p> <p>Systematic reviews synthesising data on PWD exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection, reporting data on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, admission to hospital and/or to ICU with COVID-19, death with COVID-19.</p> <p>Data extraction</p> <p>One reviewer appraised and extracted data; data were checked by a second.</p> <p>Data synthesis</p> <p>Data from 112 systematic reviews were narratively synthesised and displayed using effect direction plots. Reviews provided consistent evidence that diabetes is a risk factor for severe disease and death from COVID-19. There was less data available on ICU admission, but where available this data also signalled increased risk. Within PWD, higher blood glucose levels both prior to COVID-19 illness and during COVID-19 illness were associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Type 1 diabetes was associated with worse outcomes compared to type 2 diabetes. There was no appropriate data for discerning whether diabetes was a risk factor for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p> <p>Limitations</p> <p>Due to the nature of the review questions, the majority of data contributing to included reviews come from retrospective observational studies. Reviews varied in the extent to which they assessed risk of bias.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>There are no data on whether diabetes predisposes to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Data consistently show that diabetes increases risk of severe COVID-19. As both diabetes and worse COVID-19 outcomes are associated with socioeconomic disadvantage, their intersection warrants particular attention.</p>

scholarly journals Global Availability of Antivenoms: The Relevance of Public Manufacturing Laboratories

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Impact

Snakebite envenoming is a serious global public health problem, and international initiatives, under the coordination of the World Health Organization and its regional offices, are being developed to reduce the impact of this neglected tropical disease. The global availability of safe and effective antivenoms is one of the key aspects in this global strategy. This review discusses the role of public antivenom manufacturing laboratories for ensuring the supply of antivenoms. The difficulties faced by public laboratories are discussed, together with some tasks that need to be implemented for strengthening them. In addition, the concept of ‘redundancy’ in the supply of antivenoms is emphasized, as a way to cope with the risks associated with the provision of antivenoms by few manufacturers. In general, the public sector should play a leading role, in antivenom availability and other aspects as well, within the global struggle to reduce the mortality and morbidity caused by snakebite envenoming.

scholarly journals The Impact of Noise on Hearing in Intensive Care Unit Nurses

Acta Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Süheyla Abitağaoğlu ◽  
Alev Öztaş ◽  
Fatma Şimşek Ceviz ◽  
Ceren Köksal ◽  
Tuğba Aslan Dündar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hearing Level ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
The People ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The noise levels in the ICUs exceed the levels suggested by the World Health Organization, because of the noises caused by devices and human noises. The aim of this study is to retrospectively examine the changes in audiometry results of nurses working in ICU.   Methods: The audiometry results of nurses who worked for an uninterrupted period of 1 year in ICU in the last 3 years were examined retrospectively based on the results recorded at the time of employment and in the last year of working. Age, gender, years of work, assessments of hearing level and high frequency hearing losses were recorded. The normal level of hearing was accepted as 0-25dB.   Results: Totally 10 male (25.6%), 29 female (74.4%) were included in the study. The mean age was 26.97 ± 4.69 years and the mean time of employment was 1.82 ± 0.91 years. The mean values of pure tone levels during the years of working were within the normal limits but a significant increase was observed. Two subjects (5.1 %) were confirmed to have high frequency hearing loss.    Discussion and Conclusion: We believe that safety of the staff might be improved by reducing the level of noise in the ICUs and identifying the people at risk with yearly audiometry follow-ups.    

Suicide and genetic biomarkers: toward personalized tailored-treatment with lithium and clozapine.

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico De Berardis ◽  
Federica Vellante ◽  
Mauro Pettorruso ◽  
Lorenza Lucidi ◽  
Antonio Tambelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
World Health ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Genetic Biomarkers ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Background: Suicide is a major public health problem on a global scale with about 800.000 deaths every year. In particular, it represents one of the main causes of death among adolescents and young adults aged between 15 and 29 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes suicide as “an act of deliberate killing,” which is placed at the extreme end of the continuous spectrum of suicidal behaviors (SBs). These include suicidal ideation, attempted suicide, and suicide itself. Objective: The aim of the present review was to better clarify the suicide vulnerability genetic biomarkers and genetic variants correlated with the response to lithium and clozapine and to evaluate some correspondences. Methods: We reviewed the current literature, focusing our attention on genetic molecular studies on neurobiological systems involved in SBs and on pharmacogenetic studies on antisuicidal drugs (lithium and clozapine). Results: The studies we reviewed have shown mixed results. Interestingly, rs1800532 polymorphism of the SLC6A4 gene, encoding for the serotonin transporter, is potentially correlated with both suicide vulnerability and a poor response to lithium and clozapine. Conclusion: Due to the impact of suicide on public health, more studies are needed to open a promising route to prevent suicide in personalized and precise psychiatry.

scholarly journals Risks of and From SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 in People With Diabetes: a Systematic Review of Reviews

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Hartmann-Boyce ◽  
Karen Rees ◽  
James C Perring ◽  
Sven A Kerneis ◽  
Elizabeth M. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Background <p>This review was commissioned by the World Health Organization and presents a summary of the latest research evidence on the impact of COVID-19 in people with diabetes (PWD).</p> <p>Purpose </p> <p>To review the evidence regarding the extent to which PWD are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and/or of suffering its complications including associated mortality.</p> <p>Data sources</p> <p>We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 study register, Embase, MEDLINE, and LitCOVID on 3 December 2020.</p> <p>Study selection</p> <p>Systematic reviews synthesising data on PWD exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection, reporting data on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, admission to hospital and/or to ICU with COVID-19, death with COVID-19.</p> <p>Data extraction</p> <p>One reviewer appraised and extracted data; data were checked by a second.</p> <p>Data synthesis</p> <p>Data from 112 systematic reviews were narratively synthesised and displayed using effect direction plots. Reviews provided consistent evidence that diabetes is a risk factor for severe disease and death from COVID-19. There was less data available on ICU admission, but where available this data also signalled increased risk. Within PWD, higher blood glucose levels both prior to COVID-19 illness and during COVID-19 illness were associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Type 1 diabetes was associated with worse outcomes compared to type 2 diabetes. There was no appropriate data for discerning whether diabetes was a risk factor for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p> <p>Limitations</p> <p>Due to the nature of the review questions, the majority of data contributing to included reviews come from retrospective observational studies. Reviews varied in the extent to which they assessed risk of bias.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>There are no data on whether diabetes predisposes to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Data consistently show that diabetes increases risk of severe COVID-19. As both diabetes and worse COVID-19 outcomes are associated with socioeconomic disadvantage, their intersection warrants particular attention.</p>

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