scholarly journals Fructans Prime ROS Dynamics and Botrytis cinerea Resistance in Arabidopsis

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 805
Author(s):  
Henry Christopher Janse van Rensburg ◽  
Zoltan Takács ◽  
Florentina Freynschlag ◽  
Ebru Toksoy Öner ◽  
Claudia Jonak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Bacterial Flagellum ◽  
Host Cell Wall ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Ros Burst ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Mediated Priming ◽  
Induced Immunity

Naturally derived molecules can be used as priming or defense stimulatory agents to protect against biotic stress. Fructans have gained strong interest due to their ability to induce resistance in a number of crop species. In this study, we set out to establish the role of fructan-induced immunity against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that both inulin- and levan-type fructans from different sources can enhance Arabidopsis resistance against B. cinerea. We found that inulin from chicory roots and levan oligosaccharides from the exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium Halomonas smyrnensis primed the NADPH-oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in response to the elicitors flg22, derived from the bacterial flagellum, and oligogalacturonides (OGs), derived from the host cell wall. Neither induced a direct ROS burst typical of elicitors. We also found a primed response after infection with B. cinerea for H2O2 accumulation and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase. Sucrose accumulated as a consequence of fructan priming, and glucose and sucrose levels increased in fructan-treated plants after infection with B. cinerea. This study shows that levan-type fructans, specifically from bacterial origin, can prime plant defenses and that both inulin and levan oligosaccharide-mediated priming is associated with changes in ROS dynamics and sugar metabolism. Establishing fructan-induced immunity in Arabidopsis is an important step to further study the underlying mechanisms since a broad range of biological resources are available for Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Regulation of sugar metabolism genes in the nitrogen-dependent susceptibility of tomato stems to Botrytis cinerea

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Nathalie Lacrampe ◽  
Félicie Lopez-Lauri ◽  
Raphaël Lugan ◽  
Sophie Colombié ◽  
Jérôme Olivares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Sugar Transporters ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background and Aims The main soluble sugars are important components of plant defence against pathogens, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Upon infection by Botrytis cinerea, the activation of several sugar transporters, from both plant and fungus, illustrates the struggle for carbon resources. In sink tissues, the metabolic use of the sugars mobilized in the synthesis of defence compounds or antifungal barriers is not fully understood. Methods In this study, the nitrogen-dependent variation of tomato stem susceptibility to B. cinerea was used to examine, before and throughout the course of infection, the transcriptional activity of enzymes involved in sugar metabolism. Under different nitrate nutrition regimes, the expression of genes that encode the enzymes of sugar metabolism (invertases, sucrose synthases, hexokinases, fructokinases and phosphofructokinases) was determined and sugar contents were measured before inoculation and in asymptomatic tissues surrounding the lesions after inoculation. Key Results At high nitrogen availability, decreased susceptibility was associated with the overexpression of several genes 2 d after inoculation: sucrose synthases Sl-SUS1 and Sl-SUS3, cell wall invertases Sl-LIN5 to Sl-LIN9 and some fructokinase and phosphofructokinase genes. By contrast, increased susceptibility corresponded to the early repression of several genes that encode cell wall invertase and sucrose synthase. The course of sugar contents was coherent with gene expression. Conclusions The activation of specific genes that encode sucrose synthase is required for enhanced defence. Since the overexpression of fructokinase is also associated with reduced susceptibility, it can be hypothesized that supplementary sucrose cleavage by sucrose synthases is dedicated to the production of cell wall components from UDP-glucose, or to the additional implication of fructose in the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, or both.

scholarly journals Sweet Immunity: Inulin Boosts Resistance of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) against Grey Mold (Botrytis cinerea) in an Ethylene-Dependent Manner

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Tarkowski ◽  
Bram Van de Poel ◽  
Monica Höfte ◽  
Wim Van den Ende
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Gaba A ◽  
Grey Mold ◽  
Negative Effect

The concept of “Sweet Immunity” postulates that sugar metabolism and signaling influence plant immune networks. In this study, we tested the potential of commercially available inulin-type fructans to limit disease symptoms caused by Botrytis cinerea in lettuce. Spraying mature lettuce leaves, with inulin-type fructans derived from burdock or chicory was as effective in reducing grey mold disease symptoms caused by Botrytis cinerea as spraying with oligogalacturonides (OGs). OGs are well-known defense elicitors in several plant species. Spraying with inulin and OGs induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and levels further increased upon pathogen infection. Inulin and OGs were no longer able to limit Botrytis infection when plants were treated with the ethylene signaling inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), indicating that a functional ethylene signaling pathway is needed for the enhanced defense response. Soluble sugars accumulated in leaves primed with OGs, while 1-MCP treatment had an overall negative effect on the sucrose pool. Accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a stress-associated non-proteinogenic amino acid and possible signaling compound, was observed in inulin-treated samples after infection and negatively affected by the 1-MCP treatment. We have demonstrated for the first time that commercially available inulin-type fructans and OGs can improve the defensive capacity of lettuce, an economically important species. We discuss our results in the context of a possible recognition of fructans as Damage or Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns.

scholarly journals Artificial Small RNA-Based Silencing Tools for Antiviral Resistance in Plants

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana E. Cisneros ◽  
Alberto Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Antiviral Resistance ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Rna And Dna

Artificial small RNAs (art-sRNAs), such as artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) and synthetic trans-acting small interfering RNAs (syn-tasiRNAs), are highly specific 21-nucleotide small RNAs designed to recognize and silence complementary target RNAs. Art-sRNAs are extensively used in gene function studies or for improving crops, particularly to protect plants against viruses. Typically, antiviral art-sRNAs are computationally designed to target one or multiple sites in viral RNAs with high specificity, and art-sRNA constructs are generated and introduced into plants that are subsequently challenged with the target virus(es). Numerous studies have reported the successful application of art-sRNAs to induce resistance against a large number of RNA and DNA viruses in model and crop species. However, the application of art-sRNAs as an antiviral tool has limitations, such as the difficulty to predict the efficacy of a particular art-sRNA or the emergence of virus variants with mutated target sites escaping to art-sRNA-mediated degradation. Here, we review the different classes, features, and uses of art-sRNA-based tools to induce antiviral resistance in plants. We also provide strategies for the rational design of antiviral art-sRNAs and discuss the latest advances in developing art-sRNA-based methodologies for enhanced resistance to plant viruses.

scholarly journals Optimizing Chemically Induced Resistance in Tomato Against Botrytis cinerea

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 704-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estrella Luna ◽  
Emily Beardon ◽  
Sabine Ravnskov ◽  
Julie Scholes ◽  
Jurriaan Ton
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Seed Coating ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Application Methods

Resistance-inducing chemicals can offer broad-spectrum disease protection in crops, but can also affect plant growth and interactions with plant-beneficial microbes. We have evaluated different application methods of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) for long-lasting induced resistance in tomato against Botrytis cinerea. In addition, we have studied nontarget effects on plant growth and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Germinating seeds for 1 week in BABA- or JA-containing solutions promoted seed germination efficiency, did not affect plant growth, and induced resistance in 4-week-old plants. When formulating BABA and JA in carboxymethyl cellulose seed coating, only BABA was able to induce resistance in 4-week-old plants. Root treatment of 1-week-old seedlings with BABA or JA also induced resistance in 4-week-old plants. However, this seedling treatment repressed plant growth at higher concentrations of the chemicals, which was particularly pronounced in hydroponically grown plants after BABA treatment. Both seed coating with BABA, and seedling treatments with BABA or JA, did not affect AMF root colonization in soil-grown tomato. Our study has identified commercially feasible application methods of BABA and JA, which induce durable disease resistance in tomato without concurrent impacts on plant growth or colonization by plant-beneficial AMF.

scholarly journals Potential Association of Reactive Oxygen Species With Male Sterility in Peach

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaming Cai ◽  
Zhishen Ma ◽  
Collins Otieno Ogutu ◽  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Liao Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Ros Burst ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Male sterility is an important agronomic trait for hybrid vigor utilization and hybrid seed production, but its underlying mechanisms remain to be uncovered. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of male sterility in peach using a combined cytology, physiology, and molecular approach. Cytological features of male sterility include deformed microspores and tapetum cells along with absence of pollen grains. Microspores had smaller nucleus at the mononuclear stage and were compressed into belts and subsequently disappeared in the anther cavity, whereas tapetum cells were swollen and vacuolated, with a delayed degradation to flowering time. Male sterile anthers had an ROS burst and lower levels of major antioxidants, which may cause abnormal development of microspores and tapetum, leading to male sterility in peach. In addition, the male sterility appears to be cytoplasmic in peach, which could be due to sequence variation in the mitochondrial genome. Our results are helpful for further investigation of the genetic mechanisms underlying male sterility in peach.

scholarly journals Control of Postharvest Decay of Apple Fruit with Candida saitoana and Induction of Defense Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El Ghaouth ◽  
Charles L. Wilson ◽  
Michael Wisniewski
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Induce Systemic Resistance ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Glucanase Activity ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Lag Period

The ability of Candida saitoana to induce systemic resistance in apple fruit against Botrytis cinerea was investigated. To separate the antagonistic activity of C. saitoana from its ability to induce resistance, the antagonist and the pathogen were applied in spatially separated wounds. In fresh apples, C. saitoana applied 0 or 24 h before inoculation with B. cinerea showed no effect on lesion development caused by B. cinerea. When applied 48 to 72 h preinoculation with B. cinerea, however, C. saitoana reduced lesion diameter by more than 50 and 70%, respectively, compared with wounding. C. saitoana had no effect on lesion development on stored apples, regardless of the lag period between yeast treatment and inoculation with B. cinerea. In addition to inducing systemic resistance, C. saitoana increased chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities with a higher accumulation in fresh than in stored apples. In fresh apples, the onset of systemic resistance to B. cinerea coincided with the increase in chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activity in systemically protected tissue. These studies show that C. saitoana is capable of inducing systemic resistance in apple fruit and indirectly suggest that antifungal hydrolases are involved in the observed systemic protection.

scholarly journals Priming with γ-Aminobutyric Acid against Botrytis cinerea Reshuffles Metabolism and Reactive Oxygen Species: Dissecting Signalling and Metabolism

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1174
Author(s):  
Henry Christopher Janse van Rensburg ◽  
Wim Van den Ende
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Ros Burst

The stress-inducible non-proteinogenic amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to alleviate several (a)biotic stresses in plants. GABA forms an important link between carbon and nitrogen metabolism and has been proposed as a signalling molecule in plants. Here, we set out to establish GABA as a priming compound against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana and how metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are influenced after GABA treatment and infection. We show that GABA already primes disease resistance at low concentrations (100 µM), comparable to the well-characterized priming agent β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA). Treatment with GABA reduced ROS burst in response to flg22 (bacterial peptide derived from flagellum) and oligogalacturonides (OGs). Plants treated with GABA showed reduced H2O2 accumulation after infection due to increased activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase. Contrary to 100 µM GABA treatments, 1 mM exogenous GABA induced endogenous GABA before and after infection. Strikingly, 1 mM GABA promoted total and active nitrate reductase activity whereas 100 µM inhibited active nitrate reductase. Sucrose accumulated after GABA treatment, whereas glucose and fructose only accumulated in treated plants after infection. We propose that extracellular GABA signalling and endogenous metabolism can be separated at low exogenous concentrations.

scholarly journals Partitioning of Rainfall and Sprinkler-Irrigation by Crop Canopies: A Global Review and Evaluation of Available Research

Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Meimei Lin ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi ◽  
John T. Van Stan
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycle ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The role of crop canopies in the global water cycle is a topic of increasing international interest. How much rain and sprinkler-irrigation water are returned to the atmosphere or reach the soils beneath crop canopies, and the pathways of those water inputs at the soil, are linked to agricultural productivity and sustainability. This concise-format review synthesized and evaluated the available, limited, observational data (138 studies) on cropland throughfall, stemflow, and/or interception for >60 crop species covering all major climate types to obtain a global analysis of rainfall and sprinkler-irrigation partitioning by crop canopies. Partitions normalized per unit rain/sprinkler-irrigation (relative fractions, %) vary greatly across crop types with the interquartile range of throughfall, stemflow, and interception being 58–83%, 2–26%, and 11–32%, respectively. Stemflow data distribution across crop types is more often different than for throughfall and interception, contributing to overall variations in the partitioning of rain and irrigation observed to date. Partitions per storm also differ depending on the magnitude of rain or sprinkler-irrigation events and the stage of crop growth. Furthermore, throughfall and stemflow input patterns at the soil surface and subsurface may erode soils through different physical processes (i.e., throughfall droplet impact/splash versus scouring by stemflow); however, more research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and overall impacts. Finally, comparative analyses of partitions among croplands, shrublands, and forests indicate that crop canopies partition rain inputs differently and that there is a lack of studies in croplands. Hence, we suggest that future effort should be directed to the partitioning of rainfall and sprinkler-irrigation by canopies in agricultural settings.

scholarly journals Volatile C6-aldehydes and Allo-ocimene Activate Defense Genes and Induce Resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyutaro Kishimoto ◽  
Kenji Matsui ◽  
Rika Ozawa ◽  
Junji Takabayashi
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Genes ◽  
Induce Resistance
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