scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms behind Free Radical Scavengers Function against Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Ahmadinejad ◽  
Simon Geir Møller ◽  
Morteza Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori ◽  
Gholamreza Bidkhori ◽  
Mohammad-Saeid Jami
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Free Radical Scavengers ◽  
Radical Scavengers

Role of oxidative stress and heme oxygenase activity in morphine-induced glomerular epithelial cell growth

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. F861-F869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimita Patel ◽  
Nagarathna Manjappa ◽  
Rajani Bhat ◽  
Pavni Mehrotra ◽  
Madhu Bhaskaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Free Radical Scavengers ◽  
Opiate Addiction ◽  
Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽  
Radical Scavengers ◽  
Glomerular Epithelial Cell

Opiate addiction has been reported to contribute to the progression of renal injury. In addition, opiate addiction is a major risk factor for the development of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of morphine, an active metabolite of heroin, on glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) growth and the involved molecular mechanism. At lower concentrations, morphine promoted GEC proliferation; however, at higher concentrations, morphine triggered apoptosis. Antioxidants inhibited morphine-induced proliferation as well as apoptosis. Similarly, free radical scavengers prevented morphine-induced GEC proliferation and apoptosis. Because proliferative and proapoptotic effects of morphine were inhibited by free radical scavengers as well as antioxidants, it appears that these effects of morphine are mediated through oxidative stress. Hemin, an inducer of heme oxygenase (HO) activity, inhibited GEC proliferation and promoted GEC apoptosis under basal and morphine-stimulated conditions. On the other hand, zinc protoporphyrin, an inhibitor of HO activity, promoted GEC proliferation and inhibited GEC apoptosis under basal as well as morphine-stimulated conditions. These findings suggest that HO activity is directly related to GEC apoptosis and inversely related to GEC proliferation. Morphine, de novo, had bimodal effects on HO activity: lower concentrations increased and higher concentrations decreased HO activity. It appears that HO activity may be modifying morphine-induced GEC growth.

Thiophene and its Analogs as Prospective Antioxidant Agents: A Retrospect

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghav Mishra ◽  
Nitin Kumar ◽  
Neetu Sachan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Oxidation Mechanism ◽  
Free Radical Scavengers ◽  
Radical Scavengers ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Thiophene Moiety

: The field of Free Radical Chemistry has gained considerable interest in the current scenario. The formation of free radicals is attributable to different physiochemical factors, radiation exposure, pathological conditions, environmental contaminants, and as by-products of metabolized drugs. The concentration of free radicals is regulated strongly under normal conditions by physiological antioxidants. Free radicals may cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, sugars, and DNA when abundantly produced or when antioxidants are depleted. This imbalance of reduction-oxidation, referred to as oxidative stress, can change the body's physiological conditions and ultimately lead to tissue injury, further contributing to various disease pathologies. A proper balance between free radicals and antioxidants is required for an effective physiological process. The oxidation mechanism is chemically hindered by antioxidants; these are often called free radical scavengers. The application of an external antioxidant source is crucial in addressing the issue of oxidative stress. Plenty of naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, and synthetic antioxidants are used, and the search for an efficient, non-toxic, and safe antioxidant is stepped up over time. As an influential scaffold, thiophene and its derivatives have become a significant source of interest for researchers due to its substantial variety of biological activities. The versatility of thiophene moiety has been identified by an affluent unveiling of its derivatives with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial behaviors. Thiophene activity has been influenced greatly by the nature and orientation of the substitutions. The current study aims at addressing various synthetic compounds with thiophene or condensed thiophene as a fundamental moiety or substituent as radical scavengers.

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