scholarly journals Changes in Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidants and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Relation to Dormancy Transition and Bud Break in Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) Cultivars

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1549
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Sapkota ◽  
Jianyang Liu ◽  
Md Tabibul Islam ◽  
Sherif M. Sherif
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms

Understanding the biochemical mechanisms underlying bud dormancy and bloom time regulation in deciduous woody perennials is critical for devising effective strategies to protect these species from spring frost damage. This study investigated the accumulation profiles of carbohydrates, ROS and antioxidants during dormancy in ‘Cripps Pink’ and ‘Honeycrisp’, two apple cultivars representing the early and late bloom cultivars, respectively. Our data showed that starch levels generally declined during dormancy, whereas soluble sugars increased. However, the present study did not record significant alternations in the carbohydrate accumulation profiles between the two cultivars that could account for the differences in their bloom dates. On the other hand, H2O2 accumulation patterns revealed an apparent correlation with the dormancy stage and bloom dates in both cultivars; peaking early in the early-blooming cultivar, sustaining high levels for a longer time in the late-blooming cultivars, and fading by the time of bud burst in both cultivars. Also, the redox balance during dormancy appeared to be maintained mainly by catalase and, to a lesser extent, by glutathione (GSH). Overall, the present study concludes that differences in ROS and the bud redox balance could, at least partially, explain the differences in dormancy duration and bloom date among apple cultivars.

scholarly journals Freeze Susceptibility of Fruit Buds in 67 Apple cultivars in Hungary

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Made In

Frost damage is one of the most important risks of apple production. Outstanding importance has been attributed to the frost resistance of flower-buds as decisive sites of fruit production. Browning of plants parts and tissues exposed to natural weather adversities are considered as effects of frost. In Hungary, frost damage on flower buds of both the market and new cultivars has not been assessed earlier. Observations referring to the consequences of frost damages of over four critical years, marked by their peculiar winter and spring frost hazards. Parallel observations have been made in four sites of the growing area in the Great-Plain region. 67 apple cultivars have been assessed. Each cultivar was represented by 3 trees, which were sampled at about 1-1.5 m height over ground, where the buds or inflorescences were picked for the purpose to assess the injury. The buds and flowers are cut longitudinally and rated visually according to the extent of browning of the organs and tissues. Susceptibility of different organs of the flower (pistils and anthers) were rated separately. According to our results, most resistant to spring frosts are the following cultivars: 'Gloster', 'Granny Smith' and appreciable tolerance is attributed in 'Gala' and 'Jonathan' with derivatives. Preliminary results that among the scab resistant cultivars, `Baujade', 'Rewena', 'Liberty', `Resi' and 'Renora' are rather frost resistant. Information, lacking hitherto, is obtained upon 'Reka' and 'Reglindis' as for their increased susceptibility.

scholarly journals Freeze Susceptibility of Fruit Buds in 67 Apple cultivars in Hungary

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tóth M.
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
As Effects ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Made In

Frost damage is one of the most important risks of apple production. Outstanding importance has been attributed to the frost resistance of flower-buds as decisive sites of fruit production. Browning of plants parts and tissues exposed to natural weather adversities are considered as effects of frost. In Hungary, frost damage on flower buds of both the market and new cultivars has not been assessed earlier. Observations referring to the consequences of frost damages of over four critical years, marked by their peculiar winter and spring frost hazards. Parallel observations have been made in four sites of the growing area in the Great-Plain region. 67 apple cultivars have been assessed. Each cultivar was represented by 3 trees, which were sampled at about 1-1.5 m height over ground, where the buds or inflorescences were picked for the purpose to assess the injury. The buds and flowers are cut longitudinally and rated visually according to the extent of browning of the organs and tissues. Susceptibility of different organs of the flower (pistils and anthers) were rated separately. According to our results, most resistant to spring frosts are the following cultivars: 'Gloster', 'Granny Smith' and appreciable tolerance is attributed in 'Gala' and 'Jonathan' with derivatives. Preliminary results that among the scab resistant cultivars, `Baujade', 'Rewena', 'Liberty', `Resi' and 'Renora' are rather frost resistant. Information, lacking hitherto, is obtained upon 'Reka' and 'Reglindis' as for their increased susceptibility.

Genetic variation at early ages for several traits of interest for timber-production breeding of Juglans regia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Díaz ◽  
J Fernández-López
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Late Spring Frost

Several traits of common walnut (Juglans regia L.) were assessed during the first three growing seasons in a progeny test of 43 open-pollinated families at two sites in northwestern Spain. Variance components, heritabilities and correlations between traits were calculated for all characteristics measured. Significant differences were found among families with regard to growth, phenology, frost damage, number of apical branches, and Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands damage, but not for growth-habit traits (number of branches, stem form, and apical dominance). Heritabilities were moderate for total height (h2i ≥ 0.32; h2f ≥ 0.63) and late-spring frost damage (h2i = 0.29; h2f = 0.57), high for resistance to P. cinnamomi (h2i = 0.76; h2f = 0.85), and low for phenology (h2i = 0.15; h2f = 0.39 for bud burst, and h2i = 0.14–0.36; h2f= 0.44–0.70 for leaf fall) and root-collar diameter (h2i = 0.18–0.29; h2f = 0.41–0.58). High age–age correlations were found for growth and phenology traits during the first three growing seasons. Some interesting correlations were also found between several of the traits studied. The families whose buds burst the earliest had more late-spring frost damage and, consequently, more apical branches (i.e., branches near the apical bud). Furthermore, the greater the resistance to P. cinnamomi and frost damage, the taller the families.

Ecological adaptations in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. glauca) populations. III. Central Idaho

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Rehfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Population Means ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Central Idaho

Growth, phenology, and cold hardiness of seedlings from 74 populations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) from central Idaho were compared in four contrasting environments. Analyses of 3-year-old seedlings revealed population differentiation for eight variables: bud burst, bud set, multiple flushing, height, deviation from regression of 3-year height on 2-year height, spring frost damage, fall frost damage, and winter injury. These analyses, as well as high intercorrelations among population means, suggested that adaptations result from a balance between selection for a high growth potential in mild environments and selection for cold hardiness in severe environments. Consequently, genetic variation among populations was closely related to the elevation, geography, and climate of the seed source.

Vulnerability of sweet cherry cultivars to continuous periods of spring frosts in Plovdiv, Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352
Author(s):  
S. Malchev ◽  
S. Savchovska
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Form ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Abstract. The periods with continuous freezing air temperatures reported during the spring of 2020 (13 incidents) affected a wide range of local and introduced sweet cherry cultivars in the region of Plovdiv. They vary from -0.6°C on March 02 to -4.9°C on March 16-17. The duration of influence of the lowest temperatures is 6 and 12 hours between March 16 and 17. The inspection of fruit buds and flowers was conducted twice (on March 26 and April 08) at different phenological stages after continuous waves of cold weather conditions alternated with high temperatures. During the phenological phase ‘bud burst’ (tight cluster or BBCH 55) some of the flowers in the buds did not develop further making the damage hardly detectable. The most damaged are hybrid El.28-21 (95.00%), ‘Van’ (91.89%) and ‘Bing’ (89.41%) and from the next group ‘Lapins’ (85.98%) and ‘Rosita’ (83.33%). A larger intermediate group form ‘Kossara’ (81.67%), ‘Rozalina’ (76.00%), ‘Sunburst’ (75.00%), ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ (69.11%) and ‘Kuklenska belitza’ (66.67%). Candidate-cultivar El.17-90 ‘Asparuh’ has the lowest frost damage values of 55.00% and El.17-37 ‘Tzvetina’ with damage of 50.60%.

scholarly journals Spring Frost Damage to Tea Plants Can Be Identified with Daily Minimum Air Temperatures Estimated by MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177
Author(s):  
Peijuan Wang ◽  
Yuping Ma ◽  
Junxian Tang ◽  
Dingrong Wu ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most dominant economic plants in China and plays an important role in agricultural economic benefits. Spring tea is the most popular drink due to Chinese drinking habits. Although the global temperature is generally warming, spring frost damage (SFD) to tea plants still occurs from time to time, and severely restricts the production and quality of spring tea. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating the impact of SFD to tea plants in a timely and precise manner is a significant and urgent task for scientists and tea producers in China. The region designated as the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) in China is a major tea plantation area producing small tea leaves and low shrubs. This region was selected to study SFD to tea plants using meteorological observations and remotely sensed products. Comparative analysis between minimum air temperature (Tmin) and two MODIS nighttime land surface temperature (LST) products at six pixel-window scales was used to determine the best suitable product and spatial scale. Results showed that the LST nighttime product derived from MYD11A1 data at the 3 × 3 pixel window resolution was the best proxy for daily minimum air temperature. A Tmin estimation model was established using this dataset and digital elevation model (DEM) data, employing the standard lapse rate of air temperature with elevation. Model validation with 145,210 ground-based Tmin observations showed that the accuracy of estimated Tmin was acceptable with a relatively high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.841), low root mean square error (RMSE = 2.15 °C) and mean absolute error (MAE = 1.66 °C), and reasonable normalized RMSE (NRMSE = 25.4%) and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (EF = 0.12), with significantly improved consistency of LST and Tmin estimation. Based on the Tmin estimation model, three major cooling episodes recorded in the "Yearbook of Meteorological Disasters in China" in spring 2006 were accurately identified, and several highlighted regions in the first two cooling episodes were also precisely captured. This study confirmed that estimating Tmin based on MYD11A1 nighttime products and DEM is a useful method for monitoring and evaluating SFD to tea plants in the MLRYR. Furthermore, this method precisely identified the spatial characteristics and distribution of SFD and will therefore be helpful for taking effective preventative measures to mitigate the economic losses resulting from frost damage.

scholarly journals Spring frost effects on 30 sweet cherries varieties grown in North Italy

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roversi ◽  
E. Pattori ◽  
G. L. Malvicini ◽  
S. Sbaruffati
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Fruit Harvest

After a spring frost occurred in second half of March 2008, with temperatures below 0°C for 8 days consecutively and an absolute minimum of -5.5°C, a lot of observations have been made on the sweet cherry flowers damages. In three different orchards “Italian palmetta” trained on grassing ground soil, the percentage of the flowers killed by frost, was detected and recorded considering the different genotypes and flowers height from the ground. Furthermore, in one orchard only it was possible to find relationship between flowering stage and frost damage. The results clearly confirm our previous works about the highest mortality of the flower in the upper part ( > 1.50 m) of the canopy and in the full bloom open flowers. So, in this area, the easiness of agronomic operations, like pruning and, especially, fruit harvest, due to the crown proximity to the ground, is cancelled by the frequency of spring frost.

scholarly journals The effect of spring frosts on the nectar production and the bee visitation of fruit trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
I. Amtmann ◽  
F. Bakcsa ◽  
J. Iváncsics ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Spring Frosts

Fruit tree species suffered very strong spring frosts in 1997 in Hungary. This caused partial or total damages at buds and flowers depending on site and time of blooming. It was demonstrated at a number of experiments that frost and cold weather also strongly affected the nectar production of surviving flowers. No or very little amount of nectar was measured in flowers first of all of early blooming fruit tree species (apricot) but also of pear and apple in some places. In spite of this fact intensive honeybee visitation was detected in the flowers of fruit trees that suffered partial frost damage only at those sites where honeybee colonies were placed in or at the experimental plantations and the lack of sufficient amount of nectar did not affected bee behaviour seriously on fruit flowers. This means that bad nectar production failed to affect bee visitation of fruit trees definitely. The reason for this was the fact that not only fruit trees but another early bee plants (wild plants, too) suffered frost damage. Accordingly, in lack of forage bees intensively searched for food at blooming fruit trees with some living flowers. Consequently, there was an acceptable yield at those plantations where bud and flower damage was not complete. Accordingly, intensive bee visitation (that is moving additional bee colonies to overpopulate fruit orchards with honeybees) can be an effective tool to decrease or eliminate the detrimental effect of spring frost on the yield of fruit trees where bud or fruit damage is not too high.  

scholarly journals The Spring frost-damage on the flower and bud of the Broad bean

1951 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 129-132
Author(s):  
I. SATO ◽  
M. NISHIKAWA
Keyword(s):  
Broad Bean ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Spring Frost

scholarly journals Seasonal and annual variation of carbon fluxes in a young Siberian larch (<i>Larix sibirica</i>) plantation in Iceland

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 6601-6634 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bjarnadottir ◽  
B. D. Sigurdsson ◽  
A. Lindroth
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Spring Frost

Abstract. This study reports 3-year measurements (2004–2006) of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) over a 12–14 year old Siberian larch forest in Iceland established on previously grazed heath land pasture that had been site-prepared prior to planting. The study evaluated interannual and seasonal variation of NEE and its component fluxes, gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re), with the aim to clarify how climatic factors controlled the site's carbon balance. The young plantation acted as a relatively strong sink for CO2 during all of the three years, with a net sequestration of −375, −566 and −245 g CO2 m−2 for years 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The annual carbon balance was strongly influenced by climatic factors leading to a high inter-annual variability in NEE. This variation was more related to variation in carbon efflux (Re) than carbon uptake (GPP). The abiotic factors that showed the strongest correlation to Re were air temperature during the growing season and soil water potential. The GPP mostly followed the seasonal pattern in irradiance, except in 2005, when the plantation experienced severe spring frost damage that set the GPP back to zero. It was not expected that the rather slow-growing Siberian larch plantation would be such a strong sink for atmospheric CO2 only twelve years after site preparation and afforestation.

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