scholarly journals Arbutin as a Skin Depigmenting Agent with Antimelanogenic and Antioxidant Properties

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129
Author(s):  
Yong Chool Boo
Keyword(s):  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Melanin Synthesis ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Use Studies ◽  
Skin Lightening ◽  
Derivatives Of

Arbutin is a compound of hydroquinone and D-glucose, and it has been over 30 years since there have been serious studies on the skin lightening action of this substance. In the meantime, there have been debates and validation studies about the mechanism of action of this substance as well as its skin lightening efficacy and safety. Several analogs or derivatives of arbutin have been developed and studied for their melanin synthesis inhibitory action. Formulations have been developed to improve the stability, transdermal delivery, and release of arbutin, and device usage to promote skin absorption has been developed. Substances that inhibit melanin synthesis synergistically with arbutin have been explored. The skin lightening efficacy of arbutin alone or in combination with other active ingredients has been clinically evaluated. Combined therapy with arbutin and laser could give enhanced depigmenting efficacy. The use of arbutin causes dermatitis rarely, and caution is recommended for the use of arbutin-containing products, especially from the viewpoint that hydroquinone may be generated during product use. Studies on the antioxidant properties of arbutin are emerging, and these antioxidant properties are proposed to contribute to the skin depigmenting action of arbutin. It is hoped that this review will help to understand the pros and cons of arbutin as a cosmetic ingredient, and will lead to future research directions for developing advanced skin lightening and protecting cosmetic products.

Entitativity Perceptions of Individuals and Groups across Cultures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saori Tsukamoto ◽  
Yoshihisa Kashima ◽  
Nick Haslam ◽  
Elise Holland ◽  
Minoru Karasawa
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Future Research Directions

Cross-cultural differences in social perceptions pose an intriguing puzzle. East Asians, in contrast to Westerners, tend to have the view that individuals lack coherent and thematically consistent characteristics and, therefore, are likely to exhibit cross-situationally inconsistent actions and reactions. This tendency is explained in terms of naïve dialecticism. However, from a different domain of perception, East Asians perceive groups as possessing more coherent and thematically consistent characteristics than ascribed by Westerners. Does this apparent contradiction mean that, unlike individual selves, groups are not dialectically construed by East Asians? One way to reconcile these findings is to say that naïve dialecticism is domain-specific—East Asian dialecticism applies to individuals, but not to groups. Another is to consider individualism–collectivism and argue that East Asians perceive groups as more entitative because they are collectivistic, and Westerners perceive individuals as more entitative because they are individualistic. Pros and cons for these explanations are examined in this chapter and future research directions are suggested.

scholarly journals Energy Management for Smart Homes—State of the Art

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 3459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lashkari ◽  
Chen ◽  
Musilek
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Smart Homes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Context Aware ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Household Activities

Smart home is a concept that aims to enhance the comfort of residents and facilitate household activities. The smart home is an application of ubiquitous computing which can provide the user with context-aware automated or assistive services in the form of ambient intelligence, remote control of home appliances, or automation. Smart homes attempt to integrate smartness into homes to guarantee the residents’ convenience, safety, and security, while conserving the energy. The capabilities of a smart home in the context of different applications, have been scrutinized for this investigation. Different proposed architectures, protocols, and infrastructures have been taken into consideration. As the data management process is a vital part of a smart home system, many procedures of data collection, storage, and analysis have been surveyed. Methods of data acquisition has also been discussed. Existing challenges, pros, and cons of proposed schemes along with future perspectives of smart homes are identified in this report, which is intended to promote future research directions.

Ransomware Mitigation in the Modern Era: A Comprehensive Review, Research Challenges, and Future Directions

2022 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Timothy McIntosh ◽  
A. S. M. Kayes ◽  
Yi-Ping Phoebe Chen ◽  
Alex Ng ◽  
Paul Watters
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Prevention Techniques ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Although ransomware has been around since the early days of personal computers, its sophistication and aggression have increased substantially over the years. Ransomware, as a type of malware to extort ransom payments from victims, has evolved to deliver payloads in different attack vectors and on multiple platforms, and creating repeated disruptions and financial loss to many victims. Many studies have performed ransomware analysis and/or presented detection, defense, or prevention techniques for ransomware. However, because the ransomware landscape has evolved aggressively, many of those studies have become less relevant or even outdated. Previous surveys on anti-ransomware studies have compared the methods and results of the studies they surveyed, but none of those surveys has attempted to critique on the internal or external validity of those studies. In this survey, we first examined the up-to-date concept of ransomware, and listed the inadequacies in current ransomware research. We then proposed a set of unified metrics to evaluate published studies on ransomware mitigation, and applied the metrics to 118 such studies to comprehensively compare and contrast their pros and cons, with the attempt to evaluate their relative strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we forecast the future trends of ransomware evolution, and propose future research directions.

Nanocomposites in the Food Packaging Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-146
Author(s):  
Dheeraj Kumar ◽  
Md. Farrukh ◽  
Nadeem Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nano Sensors ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Packaging Industry ◽  
Derivatives Of

The recent innovations in nanomaterials for the food packaging industry over the conventional food packaging material have made for a better quality of food product. The use of biodegradable materials is environmentally friendly and suitable for maintaining the quality of food. The chapter focuses on nano-composite materials that enhance the antimicrobial, mechanical, thermal, as well as barrier properties against the migrating element in the food packaging system. Bio-composite derivatives such as PLA, PCL, starch and cellulose, protein derivatives of nanocomposite materials have also been discussed in the chapter along with nano-sensors. Aspects of safety for human and environments and need for regulations of hazard assessment for safety purpose for the food packaging have also been discussed in this chapter. The chapter concludes by discussing the use of nanomaterials applications in food packaging for developing countries, forming some conclusions and leaving readers with thoughts for future research directions.

A Comprehensive Survey on Grey Wolf Optimization

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isha Sharma ◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Sanjeewani Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Grey Wolf Optimizer ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Engineering Design Problems ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Future Research Directions

: Grey wolf optimizer is a recently developed metaheuristic algorithm that mimics the hunting and social behaviour. It has been applied in most of the engineering design problems. Grey wolf optimizer and its variants have been effectively used to solve the real-life applications. For some complex problems, grey wolf optimizer has been hybridized with other metaheuristics. This paper summarizes the overview of grey wolf optimizer and its variants. The pros and cons of these variants have been discussed. The application of grey wolf optimizer have also been discussed with future research directions. This paper will encourage the researchers to use this algorithm for their real-life problems.

An Overview of Stability Analysis of Neural Networks with Time-Delays

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1200-1212
Author(s):  
Shajun Zhou ◽  
Hongbing Zeng ◽  
Wei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stability Criteria ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Stability

Stability of neural networks (NNs) with time-delays (TDs) has become a popular research object. The Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) method is an extremely effective technique for the stability research of NNs with TDs. Three primary issues, including ideas for constructing a reasonable LKF method, investigation of methods to estimate the LKF's derivative and reviewing approaches for establishing the stability criteria are discussed in details. Finally, some challenges are proposed for the future research directions.

scholarly journals The GEWEX Water Vapor Assessment: Overview and Introduction to Results and Recommendations

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Schröder ◽  
Maarit Lockhoff ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Thomas August ◽  
Ralf Bennartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Radiance Data

To date, a large variety of water vapour data records from satellite and reanalysis are available. It is key to understand the quality and uncertainty of these data records in order to fully exploit these records and to avoid data being employed incorrectly or misinterpreted. Therefore, it is important to inform users on accuracy and limitations of these data records based on consistent inter-comparisons carried out in the framework of international assessments. Addressing this challenge is the major objective of the Global Water and Energy Exchanges (GEWEX) water vapor assessment (G-VAP) which was initiated by the GEWEX Data and Assessments Panel (GDAP). Here, an overview of G-VAP objectives and an introduction to the results from G-VAP’s first phase are given. After this overview, a summary of available data records on water vapour and closely related variables and a short introduction to the utilized methods are presented. The results from inter-comparisons, homogeneity testing and inter-comparison of trend estimates, achieved within G-VAP’s first phase are summarized. The conclusions on future research directions for the wider community and for G-VAP’s next phase are outlined and recommendations have been formulated. For instance, a key recommendation is the need for recalibration and improved inter-calibration of radiance data records and subsequent reprocessing in order to increase stability and to provide uncertainty estimates. This need became evident from a general disagreement in trend estimates (e.g., trends in TCWV ranging from −1.51 ± 0.17 kg/m2/decade to 1.22 ± 0.16 kg/m2/decade) and the presence of break points on global and regional scale. It will be a future activity of G-VAP to reassess the stability of updated or new data records and to assess consistency, i.e., the closeness of data records given their uncertainty estimates.

scholarly journals A verified method for solving piecewise smooth initial value problems

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Auer ◽  
Stefan Kiel ◽  
Andreas Rauh
Keyword(s):  
Initial Value Problems ◽  
System Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Smooth Functions ◽  
Solution Processes ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract In many applications, there is a need to choose mathematical models that depend on non-smooth functions. The task of simulation becomes especially difficult if such functions appear on the right-hand side of an initial value problem. Moreover, solution processes from usual numerics are sensitive to roundoff errors so that verified analysis might be more useful if a guarantee of correctness is required or if the system model is influenced by uncertainty. In this paper, we provide a short overview of possibilities to formulate non-smooth problems and point out connections between the traditional non-smooth theory and interval analysis. Moreover, we summarize already existing verified methods for solving initial value problems with non-smooth (in fact, even not absolutely continuous) right-hand sides and propose a way of handling a certain practically relevant subclass of such systems. We implement the approach for the solver VALENCIA-IVP by introducing into it a specialized template for enclosing the first-order derivatives of non-smooth functions. We demonstrate the applicability of our technique using a mechanical system model with friction and hysteresis. We conclude the paper by giving a perspective on future research directions in this area.

Nanocomposites in the Food Packaging Industry

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-135
Author(s):  
Dheeraj Kumar ◽  
Md. Farrukh ◽  
Nadeem Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nano Sensors ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Packaging Industry ◽  
Derivatives Of

The recent innovations in nanomaterials for the food packaging industry over the conventional food packaging material have made for a better quality of food product. The use of biodegradable materials is environmentally friendly and suitable for maintaining the quality of food. The chapter focuses on nano-composite materials that enhance the antimicrobial, mechanical, thermal, as well as barrier properties against the migrating element in the food packaging system. Bio-composite derivatives such as PLA, PCL, starch and cellulose, protein derivatives of nanocomposite materials have also been discussed in the chapter along with nano-sensors. Aspects of safety for human and environments and need for regulations of hazard assessment for safety purpose for the food packaging have also been discussed in this chapter. The chapter concludes by discussing the use of nanomaterials applications in food packaging for developing countries, forming some conclusions and leaving readers with thoughts for future research directions.

scholarly journals Flavonoids: an overview

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Panche ◽  
A. D. Diwan ◽  
S. R. Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Working Mechanisms

AbstractFlavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures, are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. These natural products are well known for their beneficial effects on health and efforts are being made to isolate the ingredients so called flavonoids. Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. This is attributed to their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties coupled with their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme function. Research on flavonoids received an added impulse with the discovery of the low cardiovascular mortality rate and also prevention of CHD. Information on the working mechanisms of flavonoids is still not understood properly. However, it has widely been known for centuries that derivatives of plant origin possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. Current trends of research and development activities on flavonoids relate to isolation, identification, characterisation and functions of flavonoids and finally their applications on health benefits. Molecular docking and knowledge of bioinformatics are also being used to predict potential applications and manufacturing by industry. In the present review, attempts have been made to discuss the current trends of research and development on flavonoids, working mechanisms of flavonoids, flavonoid functions and applications, prediction of flavonoids as potential drugs in preventing chronic diseases and future research directions.

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