scholarly journals Tracing the Evolution of Plant Glyoxalase III Enzymes for Structural and Functional Divergence

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Brijesh Kumar ◽  
Charanpreet Kaur ◽  
Ashwani Pareek ◽  
Sudhir K. Sopory ◽  
Sneh L. Singla-Pareek
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Functional Capacities ◽  
Glyoxalase Iii

Glyoxalase pathway is the primary route for metabolism of methylglyoxal (MG), a toxic ubiquitous metabolite that affects redox homeostasis. It neutralizes MG using Glyoxalase I and Glyoxalase II (GLYI and GLYII) enzymes in the presence of reduced glutathione. In addition, there also exists a shorter route for the MG detoxification in the form of Glyoxalase III (GLYIII) enzymes, which can convert MG into D-lactate in a single-step without involving glutathione. GLYIII proteins in different systems demonstrate diverse functional capacities and play a vital role in oxidative stress response. To gain insight into their evolutionary patterns, here we studied the evolution of GLYIII enzymes across prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with special emphasis on plants. GLYIII proteins are characterized by the presence of DJ-1_PfpI domains thereby, belonging to the DJ-1_PfpI protein superfamily. Our analysis delineated evolution of double DJ-1_PfpI domains in plant GLYIII. Based on sequence and structural characteristics, plant GLYIII enzymes could be categorized into three different clusters, which followed different evolutionary trajectories. Importantly, GLYIII proteins from monocots and dicots group separately in each cluster and the each of the two domains of these proteins also cluster differentially. Overall, our findings suggested that GLYIII proteins have undergone significant evolutionary changes in plants, which is likely to confer diversity and flexibility in their functions.

scholarly journals Elevated Evolutionary Rates among Functionally Diverged Reproductive Genes across Deep Vertebrate Lineages

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Grassa ◽  
Rob J. Kulathinal
Keyword(s):  
Gene Ontology ◽  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Anolis Carolinensis ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Reproductive Genes

Among closely related taxa, proteins involved in reproduction generally evolve more rapidly than other proteins. Here, we apply a functional and comparative genomics approach to compare functional divergence across a deep phylogenetic array of egg-laying and live-bearing vertebrate taxa. We aligned and annotated a set of 4,986 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 orthologs in Anolis carolinensis (green lizard), Danio rerio (zebrafish), Xenopus tropicalis (frog), Gallus gallus (chicken), and Mus musculus (mouse) according to function using ESTs from available reproductive (including testis and ovary) and non-reproductive tissues as well as Gene Ontology. For each species lineage, genes were further classified as tissue-specific (found in a single tissue) or tissue-expressed (found in multiple tissues). Within independent vertebrate lineages, we generally find that gonadal-specific genes evolve at a faster rate than gonadal-expressed genes and significantly faster than non-reproductive genes. Among the gonadal set, testis genes are generally more diverged than ovary genes. Surprisingly, an opposite but nonsignificant pattern is found among the subset of orthologs that remained functionally conserved across all five lineages. These contrasting evolutionary patterns found between functionally diverged and functionally conserved reproductive orthologs provide evidence for pervasive and potentially cryptic lineage-specific selective processes on ancestral reproductive systems in vertebrates.

scholarly journals Behavioral syndromes shape evolutionary trajectories via conserved genetic architecture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Royauté ◽  
Ann Hedrick ◽  
Ned A. Dochtermann
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Behavioral Syndromes ◽  
Behavioral Syndrome ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Covariance ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Gryllus Integer

AbstractBehaviors are often correlated within broader syndromes, creating the potential for evolution in one behavior to drive evolutionary changes in other behaviors. Despite demonstrations that behavioral syndromes are common across taxa, whether this potential for evolutionary effects is realized has not yet been demonstrated. Here we show that populations of field crickets (Gryllus integer) exhibit a genetically conserved behavioral syndrome structure despite differences in average behaviors. We found that the distribution of genetic variation and genetic covariance among behavioral traits was consistent with genes and cellular mechanisms underpinning behavioral syndromes rather than correlated selection. Moreover, divergence among populations’ average behaviors was constrained by the genetically conserved behavioral syndrome. Our results demonstrate that a conserved genetic architecture linking behaviors has shaped the evolutionary trajectories of populations in disparate environments—illustrating an important way by which behavioral syndromes result in shared evolutionary fates.

scholarly journals Fusogenics

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannick Cizeau ◽  
Marianne G. P. Torres ◽  
Sharla G. Cowling ◽  
Stacy Stibbard ◽  
Arjune Premsukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Antibody Fragment ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Functional Assay ◽  
Plant Toxin ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Pseudomonas Exotoxin A ◽  
Normal Tissues

Antibody-based therapeutics play a vital role in the treatment of certain cancers; however, despite commercial success, various strategies are being pursued to increase their potency and hence improve patient outcomes. The use of antibodies to deliver a cytotoxic payload offers a promising alternative for more efficacious therapies. Immunotoxins are composed of an internalizing antibody fragment linked to a bacterial or plant toxin. Once internalized, the payload, such as Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE), blocks protein synthesis and induces apoptosis. Typically, immunotoxins are developed by first isolating a tumor-specific antibody, which is then either chemically linked to a toxin or reengineered as a fusion protein. Here, the authors describe the development of Fusogenics, an immunotoxin-based screening method that selects internalizing tumor-specific antibodies using a functional assay. Selected immune library clones were characterized and shown to be selective against normal tissues and specific to tumor tissues. In summary, the Fusogenics immunotoxin platform represents a unique, single-step selection approach combining specificity and functionality to isolate novel internalizing tumor-specific antibody fragments with potential for direct clinical application in the treatment of cancer.

scholarly journals Structural And Thermal Characteristics of Aluminum Grades 6063 and 7075 with Application of Nano Coatings

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.32) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Ch Sridhar Yesaswi ◽  
N Venkata Sai ◽  
K Vivek ◽  
B Raju ◽  
G Venkat
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Technology Advancement ◽  
Nano Coating ◽  
Metal Pipes

To fabricate any product, material selection is one of the major constraints for many engineers even on today. An intensive research is being done by scientists and engineers over the properties and characteristics of the materials. Due to the technology advancement, applications of various new products are entering into market with different materials. From the past few decades composites and alloy materials are playing a vital role because of their unique nature. In the present work heat exchangers are taken into application. In nuclear and power plants heat exchangers plays a crucial role in cooling the reactors. When these are made to cool with water by sending through metal pipes over a period of time, metal pipes get easily corroded because of water and thermal conductivity of the metal. When base metals are coated with Nano-particles there is a drastic change in their behavior. In this paper Aluminum grade 6063 and grade 7075 are considered and coated with Al2O3-NaOH Nano fluids. Their thermal and structural characteristics are identified before and after Nano coating.    

scholarly journals Mortality and coexistence time both cause changes in predator-prey co-evolutionary dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Scheuerl ◽  
Veijo Kaitala
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Predation Efficiency ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Predator Defence ◽  
Transfer Interval

AbstractAll organisms are sensitive to the abiotic environment, and in multispecies communities a deteriorating environment increasing mortality and limiting coexistence time can cause ecological changes. When interaction within the community is changed this can impact co-evolutionary processes. Here we use a mathematical model to predict ecological and evolutionary changes in a simple predator-prey community under different mortality rates and times of coexistence, both controlled by various transfer volume and transfer interval. In the simulated bacteria-ciliate system, we find species densities to be surprisingly robust under changed mortality rates and times both species coexist, resulting in stable densities. Confirming a theoretical prediction however, the evolution of anti-predator defence in the bacteria and evolution of predation efficiency in ciliates relax under high mortalities and limited times both partners interact. In contrast, evolutionary trajectories intensify when global mortalities are low, and the predator-prey community has more time for close interaction. These results provide testable hypotheses for future studies of predator-prey systems and we hope this work will help to bridge the gap in our knowledge how ecological and evolutionary process together shape composition of microbial communities.

scholarly journals Different evolutionary patterns of classical swine fever virus envelope proteins

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Zexiao Yang ◽  
Mingwang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Envelope Proteins ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Virus Envelope ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, which is a highly contagious disease of the domestic pig as well as wild boar. The proteins Erns, E1, and E2 are components of the viral envelope membrane. They are also implicated in virus attachment and entry, replication, and (or) anti-immune response. Here, we studied the genetic variations of these envelope proteins in the evolution of CSFV. The results reveal that the envelope proteins underwent different evolutionary fates. In Ernsand E1, but not E2, a number of amino acid sites experienced functional divergence. Furthermore, the diversification in Ernsand E1 was generally episodic because the divergence-related changes of E1 only occurred with the separation of 2 major groups of CSFV and that of Ernstook place with the division of 1 major group. The major divergence-related sites of Ernsare located on one of the substrate-binding regions of the RNase domain and C-terminal extension. These functional domains have been reported to block activation of the innate immune system and attachment and entry into host cells, respectively. Our results may shed some light on the divergent roles of the envelope proteins.

scholarly journals The role of cellular adhesion molecules in virus attachment and entry

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1661) ◽  
pp. 20140035 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bhella
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Cellular Adhesion ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Cellular Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Cell Plasma ◽  
Diverse Groups

As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses must traverse the host-cell plasma membrane to initiate infection. This presents a formidable barrier, which they have evolved diverse strategies to overcome. Common to all entry pathways, however, is a mechanism of specific attachment to cell-surface macromolecules or ‘receptors’. Receptor usage frequently defines viral tropism, and consequently, the evolutionary changes in receptor specificity can lead to emergence of new strains exhibiting altered pathogenicity or host range. Several classes of molecules are exploited as receptors by diverse groups of viruses, including, for example, sialic acid moieties and integrins. In particular, many cell-adhesion molecules that belong to the immunoglobulin-like superfamily of proteins (IgSF CAMs) have been identified as viral receptors. Structural analysis of the interactions between viruses and IgSF CAM receptors has not shown binding to specific features, implying that the Ig-like fold may not be key. Both proteinaceous and enveloped viruses exploit these proteins, however, suggesting convergent evolution of this trait. Their use is surprising given the usually occluded position of CAMs on the cell surface, such as at tight junctions. Nonetheless, the reason for their widespread involvement in virus entry most probably originates in their functional rather than structural characteristics.

scholarly journals Floral signals evolve in a predictable way under artificial and pollinator selection in Brassica rapa using a G-matrix

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengjuan Zu ◽  
Florian P. Schiestl ◽  
Daniel Gervasi ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Daniel Runcie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Selection Experiment ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Floral Trait ◽  
Genetic Covariance ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories

AbstractBackgroundAngiosperms employ an astonishing variety of visual and olfactory floral signals that are generally thought to evolve under natural selection. Those morphological and chemical traits can form highly correlated sets of traits. It is not always clear which of these are used by pollinators as primary targets of selection and which would be indirectly selected by being linked to those primary targets. Quantitative genetics tools for predicting multiple traits response to selection have been developed since long and have advanced our understanding of evolution of genetically correlated traits in various biological systems. We use these tools to predict the evolutionary trajectories of floral traits and understand the selection pressures acting on them.ResultsWe used data from an artificial and a pollinator (bumblebee, hoverfly) selection experiment with fast cycling Brassica rapa plants to predict evolutionary changes of 12 floral volatiles and 4 morphological floral traits in response to selection. Using the observed selection gradients and the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G-matrix) of the traits, we showed that the responses of most floral traits including volatiles were predicted in the right direction in artificial- and bumblebee-selection experiment, revealing direct and indirect targets of bumblebee selection. Genetic covariance had a mix of constraining and facilitating effects on evolutionary responses. We further revealed how G-matrices evolved in the selection processes.ConclusionsOverall, our integrative study shows that floral signals, and especially volatiles, evolve under selection in a mostly predictable way, at least during short term evolution. Evolutionary constraints stemming from genetic covariance affected traits evolutionary trajectories and thus it is important to include genetic covariance for predicting the evolutionary changes of a comprehensive suite of traits. Other processes such as resource limitation and selfing also needs to be considered for a better understanding of floral trait evolution.

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