scholarly journals Effects of Fat Supplementation in Dairy Goats on Lipid Metabolism and Health Status

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Savoini ◽  
Fabio Omodei Zorini ◽  
Greta Farina ◽  
Alessandro Agazzi ◽  
Donata Cattaneo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Animal Products

Fat supplementation has long been used in dairy ruminant nutrition to increase the fat content of milk and supply energy during particularly challenging production phases. Throughout the years, advances have been made in the knowledge of metabolic pathways and technological treatments of dietary fatty acids (FAs), resulting in safer and more widely available lipid supplements. There is an awareness of the positive nutraceutical effects of the addition of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to fat supplementation, which provides consumers with healthier animal products through manipulation of their characteristics. If it is true that benefits to human health can be derived from the consumption of animal products rich in bioactive fatty acids (FAs), then it is reasonable to think that the same effect can occur in the animals to which the supplements are administered. Therefore, recent advances in fat supplementation of dairy goats with reference to the effect on health status have been summarized. In vivo trials and in vitro analysis on cultured cells, as well as histological and transcriptomic analyses of hepatic and adipose tissue, have been reviewed in order to assess documented relationships between specific FAs, lipid metabolism, and immunity.

scholarly journals Oleate attenuates palmitate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in placental trophoblasts

Reproduction ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 153 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryanne N Colvin ◽  
Mark S Longtine ◽  
Baosheng Chen ◽  
Maria Laura Costa ◽  
D Michael Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Villous Trophoblast ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response

Pre-pregnancy obesity is increasingly common and predisposes pregnant women and offspring to gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth abnormalities and stillbirth. Obese women exhibit elevated levels of the two most common dietary fatty acids, palmitate and oleate, and the maternal blood containing these nutrients bathes the surface of trophoblasts of placental villi in vivo. We test the hypothesis that the composition and concentration of free fatty acids modulate viability and function of primary human villous trophoblasts in culture. We found that palmitate increases syncytiotrophoblast death, specifically by caspase-mediated apoptosis, whereas oleate does not cause enhanced cell death. Importantly, exposure to both fatty acids in equimolar amounts yielded no increase in death or apoptosis, suggesting that oleate can protect syncytiotrophoblasts from palmitate-induced death. We further found that palmitate, but not oleate or oleate with palmitate, increases endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, signaling through the unfolded protein response, and yielding CHOP-mediated induction of apoptosis. Finally, we show that oleate or oleate plus palmitate both lead to increased lipid droplets in syncytiotrophoblasts, whereas palmitate does not. The data show palmitate is toxic to human syncytiotrophoblasts, through the induction of ER stress and apoptosis mediated by CHOP, whereas oleate is not toxic, abrogates palmitate toxicity and induces fat accumulation. We speculate that our in vitro results offer pathways by which the metabolic milieu of the obese pregnant woman can yield villous trophoblast dysfunction and sub-optimal placental function.

Relationships between in vivo and in vitro lipid metabolism in lactating goats

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
T. E. Trigg ◽  
K. D. Chandler ◽  
A. W. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactating Goats

Multiparous Sannen dairy goats were used to compare in vivo and in vitro lipid metabolism. Goats were infused simultaneously with a mixture of [2-3H]-glycerol and of [1-14C]-palmitic, -stearic, and -oleic acid complexed in plasma in early (Day 11, n = 4), mid (Day 37, n = 4), and late (Day 80, n = 3) lactation to determine in vivo lipid kinetics. Perirenal adipose tissue biopsies were obtained and used to measure in vitro lipid kinetics under both basal and norepinephrine-stimulated conditions. Plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations and NEFA entry rate were higher (P < 0.05) during early compared with mid and late lactation. Plasma glucose and glycerol concentrations and glycerol entry rate were not different between stages of lactation. Although variable, in vitro lipogenesis increased more than 10-fold (P = 0.077) between early and late lactation, whereas there were no significant differences between NEFA and glycerol release at any stage of lactation. In vitro lipid metabolism, when expressed per gram of adipose tissue, was poorly correlated with in vivo lipid. However, when in vitro NEFA release was extrapolated to the whole animal the correlations were markedly improved. These data demonstrate that the reduction in lipid reserves which occurs during early lactation is the result of increased NEFA mobilisation and reduced lipogenesis rather than increased lipolysis. Although more variable than in vivo measures of lipid metabolism, in vitro metabolism of adipose tissue can reflect metabolic status.

scholarly journals Involvement of FATP2-mediated tubular lipid metabolic reprogramming in renal fibrogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Chen ◽  
Qi Yan ◽  
Mengyue Lv ◽  
Kaixin Song ◽  
Yue Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Renal Fibrosis ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Kidney Fibrosis

AbstractFollowing a chronic insult, renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) contribute to the development of kidney fibrosis through dysregulated lipid metabolism that lead to lipid accumulation and lipotoxicity. Intracellular lipid metabolism is tightly controlled by fatty acids (FAs) uptake, oxidation, lipogenesis, and lipolysis. Although it is widely accepted that impaired fatty acids oxidation (FAO) play a crucial role in renal fibrosis progression, other lipid metabolic pathways, especially FAs uptake, has not been investigated in fibrotic kidney. In this study, we aim to explore the potential mechanically role of FAs transporter in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. In the present study, the unbiased gene expression studies showed that fatty acid transporter 2 (FATP2) was one of the predominant expressed FAs transport in TECs and its expression was tightly associated with the decline of renal function. Treatment of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) kidneys and TGF-β induced TECs with FATP2 inhibitor (FATP2i) lipofermata restored the FAO activities and alleviated fibrotic responses both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the expression of profibrotic cytokines including TGF-β, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB) were all decreased in FATP2i-treated UUO kidneys. Mechanically, FATP2i can effectively attenuate cell apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by TGF-β treatment in cultured TECs. Taking together, these findings reveal that FATP2 elicits a profibrotic response to renal interstitial fibrosis by inducing lipid metabolic reprogramming including abnormal FAs uptake and defective FAO in TECs.

scholarly journals Mobilization efficiency is critically regulated by fat via marrow PPARδ

Haematologica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohide Suzuki ◽  
Shinichi Ishii ◽  
Masakazu Shinohara ◽  
Yuko Kawano ◽  
Kanako Wakahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Mediator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem

The mobilization efficiency of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow (BM) to circulation by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is dramatically dispersed in humans and mice with no mechanistic lead for poor mobilizers. The regulatory mechanism for mobilization efficiency by dietary fat was assessed in mice. Fat-free diet (FFD) for 2 weeks greatly increased mobilization compared to normal diet (ND). The BM mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ), a receptor for lipid mediators, was markedly up-regulated by G-CSF in mice fed with ND and displayed strong positive correlation with widely scattered mobilization efficiency. It was hypothesized that BM fat ligand for PPARδ might inhibit mobilization. The PPARδ agonist inhibited mobilization in mice fed with ND and enhanced mobilization by FFD. Treatment with the PPARδ antagonist and chimeric mice with PPARδ+/- BM showed enhanced mobilization. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry revealed that BM PPARδ expression was enhanced by G-CSF mainly in mature/immature neutrophils. BM lipid mediator analysis revealed that G-CSF treatment and FFD resulted in the exhaustion of ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). EPA induced the up-regulation of genes downstream of PPARδ, such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1α and angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4), in mature/immature neutrophils in vitro and inhibited enhanced mobilization in mice fed with FFD in vivo. Treatment of wild-type mice with the anti-Angptl4 antibody enhanced mobilization together with BM vascular permeability. Collectively, PPARδ signaling in BM mature/immature neutrophils induced by dietary fatty acids negatively regulates mobilization, at least partially, via Angptl4 production.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Fatty Acids on MicroRNA Expression Related to Metabolic Disorders and Inflammation in Human and Animal Trials

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1830
Author(s):  
Karla MacDonald-Ramos ◽  
Alejandra Martínez-Ibarra ◽  
Adriana Monroy ◽  
Juan Miranda-Ríos ◽  
Marco Cerbón
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Ketogenic Diets

Dietary fatty acids (DFAs) play key roles in different metabolic processes in humans and other mammals. DFAs have been considered beneficial for health, particularly polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Additionally, microRNAs (miRNAs) exert their function on DFA metabolism by modulating gene expression, and have drawn great attention for their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review explicitly examined the effects of DFAs on miRNA expression associated with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as inflammation, published in the last ten years. DFAs have been shown to induce and repress miRNA expression associated with metabolic disease and inflammation in different cell types and organisms, both in vivo and in vitro, depending on varying combinations of DFAs, doses, and the duration of treatment. However, studies are limited and heterogeneous in methodology. Additionally, recent studies demonstrated that high fat ketogenic diets, many enriched with saturated fats, do not increase serum saturated fat content in humans, and are not associated with increased inflammation. Thus, these findings shed light on the complexity of novel treatment and DFA interventions for metabolic disease and to maintain health. Further studies are needed to advance molecular therapeutic approaches, including miRNA-based strategies in human health and disease.

scholarly journals Agastache rugosa alleviates the multi-hit effect on hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress during nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhe Cui ◽  
Renxu Chang ◽  
Qiuju Wang ◽  
Yusheng Liang ◽  
Juan J Loor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Agastache Rugosa

Abstract Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease, and has high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Agastache rugosa (AR) possesses unique anti-oxidant, anti‑inflammatory and anti-atherosclerosis characteristics. Methods To investigate the effects and the underlying mechanism of AR on NAFLD, we fed mice a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish NAFLD model of mice in vivo experiment and induced lipidosis in AML12 hepatocytes through a challenge with free fatty acids (FFA) in vitro. The contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in liver homogenates were measured. Pathological changes in liver tissue were evaluated by HE staining. Oil red O staining was used to determine degree of lipid accumulation in liver tissue, and Western blot was used to detect abundance of inflammation-, lipid metabolism- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins. Results Supply of AR alleviated accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes induced by HFD in vivo and challenged with free fatty acids (FFA) in vitro. Compared with the HFD group, supplementing AR decreased p-NF-κB/NF-κB and p-IκB/IκB protein and inhibited abundance of PERK, IRE1 and ATF6 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, AR reduced lipid accumulation within hepatocytes by downregulating abundance of SREBP, ACC1 and FAS (P < 0.05). Supply of AR significantly attenuated ROS accumulation and MDA production by improving antioxidant enzymatic activity including SOD and GSH (P < 0.01). Conclusion Supply of AR attenuates disordered lipid metabolism and enhances the antioxidative defense associated with NAFLD induced by HFD in mice. Results underscore the potential of plants used in traditional Chinese medicine to achieve pharmacological benefits through a multi-tier cellular response.

scholarly journals Short-Term Responses to Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism and Adipogenesis in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natàlia Riera-Heredia ◽  
Esmail Lutfi ◽  
Albert Sánchez-Moya ◽  
Joaquim Gutiérrez ◽  
Encarnación Capilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hepatic Expression

Fish are rich in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Due to the increasing use of vegetable oils (VO), their proportion in diets has lowered, affecting lipid metabolism and fillet composition. Rainbow trout cultured preadipocytes were treated with representative FA found in fish oils (EPA and DHA) or VO (linoleic, LA and alpha-linolenic, ALA acids), while EPA and LA were also orally administered, to evaluate their effects on adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. In vitro, all FA increased lipid internalization, with ALA producing the highest effect, together with upregulating the FA transporter fatp1. In vivo, EPA or LA increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ppara and pparb transcripts abundance in adipose tissue, suggesting elevated β-oxidation, contrary to the results obtained in liver. Furthermore, the increased expression of FA synthase (fas) and the FA translocase/cluster of differentiation (cd36) in adipose tissue indicated an enhanced uptake of lipids and lipogenesis de novo, whereas stable or low hepatic expression of genes involved in lipid transport and turnover was found. Thus, fish showed a similar tissue metabolic response to the short-term availability of EPA or LA in vivo, while in vitro VO-derived FA demonstrated greater potential inducing fat accumulation.

Ultrastructural Correlations between Clonal Human Tumor Colonies and in Vivo Neoplasms

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M.J. Murphy ◽  
R.R. Price ◽  
J.C. Sloman
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Tumor Mass ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Cloning Assay ◽  
Human Tumor Cloning ◽  
The Relationship

The in vitro human tumor cloning assay originally described by Salmon and Hamburger has been applied recently to the investigation of differential anti-tumor drug sensitivities over a broad range of human neoplasms. A major problem in the acceptance of this technique has been the question of the relationship between the cultured cells and the original patient tumor, i.e., whether the colonies that develop derive from the neoplasm or from some other cell type within the initial cell population. A study of the ultrastructural morphology of the cultured cells vs. patient tumor has therefore been undertaken to resolve this question. Direct correlation was assured by division of a common tumor mass at surgical resection, one biopsy being fixed for TEM studies, the second being rapidly transported to the laboratory for culture.

Preparation of cultured astrocytes for x-ray microanalysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 988-989
Author(s):  
N.K.R. Smith ◽  
K.E. Hunter ◽  
P. Mobley ◽  
L.P. Felpel
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cultured Astrocytes ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Ultimate Objective

Electron probe energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (XRMA) offers a powerful tool for the determination of intracellular elemental content of biological tissue. However, preparation of the tissue specimen , particularly excitable central nervous system (CNS) tissue , for XRMA is rather difficult, as dissection of a sample from the intact organism frequently results in artefacts in elemental distribution. To circumvent the problems inherent in the in vivo preparation, we turned to an in vitro preparation of astrocytes grown in tissue culture. However, preparations of in vitro samples offer a new and unique set of problems. Generally, cultured cells, growing in monolayer, must be harvested by either mechanical or enzymatic procedures, resulting in variable degrees of damage to the cells and compromised intracel1ular elemental distribution. The ultimate objective is to process and analyze unperturbed cells. With the objective of sparing others from some of the same efforts, we are reporting the considerable difficulties we have encountered in attempting to prepare astrocytes for XRMA.Tissue cultures of astrocytes from newborn C57 mice or Sprague Dawley rats were prepared and cultured by standard techniques, usually in T25 flasks, except as noted differently on Cytodex beads or on gelatin. After different preparative procedures, all samples were frozen on brass pins in liquid propane, stored in liquid nitrogen, cryosectioned (0.1 μm), freeze dried, and microanalyzed as previously reported.

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