scholarly journals Rumen Inoculum Collected from Cows at Slaughter or from a Continuous Fermenter and Preserved in Warm, Refrigerated, Chilled or Freeze-Dried Environments for In Vitro Tests

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Spanghero ◽  
Maria Chiaravalli ◽  
Stefania Colombini ◽  
Carla Fabro ◽  
Federico Froldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Fermentative Capacity ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Highly Correlated

The utilization of animal donors of rumen fluid for laboratory experiments can raise ethical concerns, and alternatives to the collection of rumen fluids from live animals are urgently requested. The aim of this study was to compare the fresh rumen fluid (collected at slaughter, W) with that obtained from a continuous fermenter (RCF) and three methods of rumen fluid preservation (refrigeration, R, chilling, C, and freeze-drying, FD). The fermentability of different inoculum was evaluated by three in vitro tests (neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) degradability and gas production, NDFd, RDP and GP, respectively) using six feeds as substrates. Despite the two types of inoculum differed in terms of metabolites and microbiota concentration, the differences in vitro fermentability between the two liquids were less pronounced than expected (−15 and 20% for NDFd and GP when the liquid of fermenter was used and no differences for RDP). Within each in vitro test, the data obtained from rumen and from fermenter liquids were highly correlated for the six feeds, as well as between W and R (r: 0.837–0.985; p < 0.01). The low fermentative capacity was found for C and, particularly, FD for liquids. RCF could be used to generate inoculum for in vitro purposes and short-term refrigeration is a valuable practice to manage inoculum.

scholarly journals Recombinant in vitro test T-SPOT.TB as a screening method for early diagnosis of tuberculosis infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
E. P. Eremenko ◽  
E. A. Borodulina ◽  
I. A. Sergeeva ◽  
D. A. Kudlay ◽  
B. E. Borodulin
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Mantoux Test ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Vitro Test

In addition to standard skin tests (Mantoux test with 2 TU PPD-L and diaskintest) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection, in vitro tests are used. One of these tests is T-SPOT.TB being more widely used in recent years.The objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of T-SPOT.TB test for early detection of tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents in Samara Region.Subjects and methods. From 2016 to 2019, results of T-SPOT.TB tests performed in 596 children aged 2 to 17 years inclusive were analyzed; those children had no immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis infection using skin tests since their parents refused to have it.Results. It was found out that the major reason for refusing skin tests was the “fear” of visiting a TB dispensary if the result had been positive — 38.43% (n = 229). The latent tuberculosis infection according to the results of T-SPOT.TB among children with concomitant pathology made 2.6%, among healthy children – 0.7%.Conclusion. T-SPOT.TB test may be used as an alternative method for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection, should the parent refuse to have skin tests. In children with concomitant pathology, T-SPOT.TB test can serve as a leading method for immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis.The authors state that they have no conflict of interests.

scholarly journals UJI DAYAHAMBAT EUGENOL DARI DAUN CENGKEH HASIL FRAKSINASI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JAMUR PATOGEN Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Cubense Eugenol Inhibitory Test From Clove Leaf Fractionation Of Fungal Patogen Growth Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

AgriPeat ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Admin Journal
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Vitro Test

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the inhibition of eugenol derived from fractionation clove leaf essentialoils (CLEO) on the growth of pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) and LC50(Lethal Concentration 50). This research was in vitro, started with purification of clove leaf essentialoil, fractionation by vacuum distillation and bioassay. In vitro tests include exploration of minimuminhibition and preventability tests. Data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2010 program. Theresults of minimum inhibition showed at 218,75 ppm concentration of each level was able to inhibitthe growth of Foc fungi. The minimum inhibition exploration was carried out at 218,75 ppm, 109,38ppm, 54,69 ppm and 27,34 ppm. Exploration results showed that fractionated CLEO has been able toinhibit the growth of Foc fungi at 27,34 ppm in the amount of 15,60%. This concentration is used asthe lowest concentration in the inhibitory test. Furthermore, the inhibitory test was carried out startingat the highest concentration of 218,75 ppm, 109,38 ppm, 54,69 ppm and 27,34 ppm. Observationswere made for 7 days after inoculation (DAI). The results showed the best inhibition was at aconcentration of 218,75 ppm at 90,70% and LC50 at 11.17 µL.Keywords: CLEO, fractionation, Foc, in vitro test and LC50

Activation of cyclophosphamide by freeze-dried microsomes as an in vitro test of cytogenetic damage

1982 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Dolfini ◽  
L. Larizza ◽  
P. Villa ◽  
A.M.Fuhrman Conti
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Cytogenetic Damage ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Vitro Test

Comparison of methods for measurement of the pressure exerted by knitted fabrics

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (17) ◽  
pp. 2117-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Cieślak ◽  
Agnieszka Karaszewska ◽  
Ewa Gromadzińska ◽  
Izabela Jasińska ◽  
Irena Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Knitted Fabric ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Knitted Fabrics ◽  
Weft Knitted Fabric ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Warp Knitted Fabric

The article presents the results of measurements of pressure exerted by two model knitted products – bands with different structure (WI jersey weft-knitted fabric and WII openwork warp-knitted fabric). The tests were carried out with using the I-Scan system (in vivo and in vitro tests) and the STM 579 device (in vitro test). A comparative analysis of the in vivo and in vitro results for the I-Scan method and in vitro results for the I-Scan and STM 579 method was performed. It was found that the pressure values are lower for openwork warp-knitted fabric than for jersey weft-knitted fabric both in the case of the in vitro and in vivo tests, and the values of pressure for the same band are higher in the case of the in vitro tests.

In Vitro Toxicology and the Test Guidelines

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-438
Author(s):  
Kimmo Louekari
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Genotoxic Carcinogens ◽  
Vitro Test

Ethical, economical and scientific considerations should encourage the development of alternative and in vitro test methods. Before their adoption, in vitro methods need to be validated and scientifically justified. Demand for rigorous validation schemes for in vitro tests must be emphasised, even more than in the case of in vivo tests. The OECD has adopted in vitro guidelines for testing genotoxicity; several endpoints and mechanisms can be studied in a cost-effective manner in vitro. Similar advantages could be afforded if acute irritation and corrosion, as well as the non-genotoxic carcinogenic effects of chemicals, could be studied in vitro. Evaluation of the validation status of various methods used to study non-genotoxic carcinogens was begun by the Nordic Working Group on In Vitro Methods for Non-genotoxic Mechanisms in 1996. In some established OECD test guidelines (for example, the dermal irritation/corrosion test), there is already room for the application of in vitro methods which have not been formally validated. In January 1996, the OECD Workshop on Harmonisation of Validation and Acceptance Criteria for Alternative Toxicological Test Methods set the basis for internationally acceptable principles to be followed in the validation of in vitro test methods.

scholarly journals In vitroindications for favourable non-additive effects on ruminal methane mitigation between high-phenolic and high-quality forages

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuraga Jayanegara ◽  
Svenja Marquardt ◽  
Elizabeth Wina ◽  
Michael Kreuzer ◽  
Florian Leiber
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fermentative Capacity ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Swietenia Mahagoni

Feeding plants containing elevated levels of polyphenols may reduce ruminal CH4emissions, but at the expense of nutrient utilisation. There might, however, be non-additive effects when combining high-phenolic plants with well-digestible, high-nutrient feeds. To test whether non-additive effects exist, the leaves ofCarica papaya(high in dietary quality, low in polyphenols),Clidemia hirta(high in hydrolysable tannins),Swietenia mahagoni(high in condensed tannins) andEugenia aquea(high in non-tannin phenolics) were tested alone and in all possible mixtures (n15 treatments). An amount of 200 mg DM of samples was incubatedin vitro(24 h; 39oC) with buffered rumen fluid using the Hohenheim gas test apparatus. After the incubation, total gas production, CH4concentration and fermentation profiles were determined. The levels of absolute CH4, and CH4:SCFA and CH4:total gas ratios were lower (P< 0·05) when incubating a combination ofC. papayaand any high-phenolic plants (C. hirta,S. mahagoniandE. aquea) than when incubatingC. papayaalone. Additionally, mixtures resulted in non-additive effects for all CH4-related parameters of the order of 2–15 % deviation from the expected value (P< 0·01). This means that, by combining these plants, CH4in relation to the fermentative capacity was lower than that predicted when assuming the linearity of the effects. Similar non-additive effects of combiningC. papayawith the other plants were found for NH3concentrations but not for SCFA concentrations. In conclusion, using mixtures of high-quality plants and high-phenolic plants could be one approach to CH4mitigation; however, this awaitsin vivoconfirmation.

scholarly journals Estudio de la cinética de degradación in vitro de cuatro forrajes tropicales y una leguminosa de clima templado

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Dora Elisa Sánchez ◽  
Luis Carlos Arreaza ◽  
Beatriz Abadía
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
El Sistema

<p>Cuatro gramíneas tropicales (<em>Pennisetum clandestinum, Brachiaria decumbens, Bothriochloa pertusa </em>y <em>Dichantium aristatum</em>) y una leguminosa de la región templada (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) fueron comparadas mediante la técnica de producción de gas <em>in vitro, </em>con el fin de establecer los parámetros de degradación ruminal (volumen total de gas producido, tasa de degradación de carbohidratos solubles e insolubles y tiempo <em>lag) </em>para ser usados en el sistema CNCPS (<em>Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System</em>). Se emplearon tres preparaciones o fracciones de cada gramínea que consistieron en la materia seca entera (ME), el residuo insoluble en etanol (RIE) y la fibra en detergente neutro (FDN). El experimento consistió en cuatro incubaciones por 48 horas de cada fracción y cada forraje, registrándose la producción total de gas durante 48 horas en un sistema computarizado cerrado. Para efectos cuantitativos y análisis detallado de la cinética de las curvas y tasas de producción de gas en las fermentaciones <em>in vitro</em>, se aplicó un modelo matemático exponencial <em>Y = a*[1-exp{-b*(X-c)}], </em>para el cálculo de las tasas de degradación usadas por el sistema CNCPS. La producción de gas se registró mediante transductores digitales de presión, acoplados con frascos Wheaton de 50 ml con sustrato (100 mg), medio (8 ml) e inóculo ruminal (2 ml) y conectados a una tarjeta de adquisición de datos en un ordenador común, en el que se registraron las diferencias de presión cada 20 min. El valor más alto de producción total de gas a las 48 horas de incubación fue para el ME de <em>B. decumbens </em>con 39,4 ml y el más bajo fue de 8,42 ml para el FDN de alfalfa. La degradación total más alta fue para el FDN de Kikuyo con 77% ± 9,8 y la más baja en el FDN de Angleton con 47% ± 2,3. La baja producción de gas de la fracción fibrosa (FDN) de los cinco forrajes estuvo altamente asociada con la con­centración de lignina en el sustrato. El análisis de la cinética de las fracciones solubles mediante la sustracción de curvas sólo mostró ajuste definido y claro para la alfalfa.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Study of the <em>in vitro </em>degradation kinetics of four tropical grasses and one temperate legume</strong></p><p>Four tropical grasses (<em>Pennisetum clandesti­num, Brachiaria decumbens, Bothriochloa pertusa </em>and <em>Dichantium aristatum</em>) and the temperate legume (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) were compared by using the <em>In Vitro </em>Gas Transducer Technique with the aim to obtain their degradation rates (%/hr), total gas volume and final residue. Carbohydrate fractions: Whole for­rage = ME, Ethanol insoluble residue = RIE and Neutral Detergent Fiber = FDN, from the four grasses were prepared from whole material from each one and incubated with rumen fluid up to 48 hours in a closed com­puterized <em>in vitro </em>gas system. Data from the incubations were analyzed by a non lineal regression, fitting gas data to an exponential equation from Mertens &amp; Loften (1980). Gas accumulation was recorded via pressure transducers connected to 50 ml bottles with substrate (100 mg) and medium (8 ml) plus rumen fluid as inoculum (2 ml). Data were recorded every 20 min via an analog/di-gital card attached to a computer. Voltages recorder were converted to ml of gas in a spreadsheet using Excel® macros. The hig-hest gas production was found in whole for­age from <em>B decumbens</em>: 39.4 ml and the lowest was in NDF from alfalfa: 8.4 ml in 48 hours. Higher degradability was found in NDF from Kikuyu grass: 77% ± 9.8, and the low­est degradation was observed in NDF from angleton: 47% ± 2.3. The low gas production from NDF in all 5 forages was associated with the lignin content in the substrate. The kinetic analysis by curve subtraction for the soluble carbohydrates was consistent for alfalfa but not for the grasses.</p>

In Vitro Toxicity Testing: Purpose, Validation and Strategy

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Cell Function ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Basal Cytotoxicity ◽  
Biological Endpoint

The fullest potential for in vitro evaluation of toxicity will be realised in the context of the process of assessing the risk of human toxicity. This article is an attempt to clarify what contributions can be made by in vitro tests and what types of in vitro test can best be used. In vitro tests are clarified according to the type of biological endpoint evaluated, first into tests for general (‘basal’) cytotoxicity and, secondly, into tests for differentiated cell function. The role of each type of test is analysed and it is suggested that tests for general cytotoxicity, as opposed to differentiated function, are difficult to interpret in terms of in vivo toxicity. A general approach to evaluating in vitro tests is described, and a strategy for using these tests is proposed.

scholarly journals Combining Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Effects of Forage Ratios on In Vitro Rumen Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Compared with Hay

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhulin Xue ◽  
Nan Liu ◽  
Yanlu Wang ◽  
Hongjian Yang ◽  
Yuqi Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different forage ratios of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on in vitro rumen degradation and fermentation characteristics. Orchardgrass and alfalfa were harvested separately and prepared as hay and silage mixtures at ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (w/w on a dry matter basis) and anaerobically incubated for 48 h with rumen fluid obtained from lactating dairy cows. Fermented residues and cultured fluids were used to determine nutrient degradability, fermentation parameters, and associative effect indices. Increasing the proportion of alfalfa in hay and silage mixtures quadratically increased in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD, up +5.14%) and marginally decreased in vitro neutral detergent fiber disappearance (NDFD, down −1.79%). Meanwhile, increasing the proportion of alfalfa accelerated the rumen fermentation process (e.g., gas production) and remarkably enhanced the growth of rumen microbes as indicated by microbial protein production (MCP, 13.4% increase). Increments of rumen degradability and methane production were more pronounced in silage mixtures than hay mixtures. In combination, a forage ratio of 50:50 for orchardgrass and alfalfa is recommended for both hay and silage in order to improve the feed use potential in ruminants.

scholarly journals Effect of Powder/Water Ratio Variation on Viscosity, Tear Strength and Detail Reproduction of Dental Alginate Impression Material (In Vitro and Clinical Study)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2923
Author(s):  
Rasha M. Abdelraouf ◽  
Rania E. Bayoumi ◽  
Tamer M. Hamdy
Keyword(s):  
Strength Test ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Ratio Variation ◽  
Clinical Difference ◽  
Reproduction Test ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Water Ratio

Background: Alginate impression is a common dental polymeric material, presented as powder to be mixed with water. Aim: 1. To analyze the effect of alginate powder/water ratio variation on viscosity, tear strength and detail reproduction by in vitro tests, and 2. To evaluate this variation’s effect on patients’ impressions. Materials and methods: Two commercial alginate products were mixed in different viscosities. Viscosity was measured by a viscometer. For the tear strength test, V-shaped specimens were used. For detail reproduction, a die with three scribed lines was used. Clinical dental impressions were examined by stereomicroscope. Results: The alginate specimens mixed with a higher powder/water ratio showed a higher viscosity and tear strength compared to those with a lower powder/water ratio. Both alginate mixtures reproduced two scribed lines in a detail reproduction test. On the other hand, no clear clinical difference was detected when examining dental impressions mixed with a different powder/water ratio. Conclusion: Although increasing the powder/water ratio of mixed alginate raised the resultant viscosity and tear strength by an in vitro test, clinically, no clear difference in tearing was detected. Detail reproduction was minimally affected by the variation in powder/water ratio.

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