scholarly journals What Is so Positive about Positive Animal Welfare?—A Critical Review of the Literature

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair B. Lawrence ◽  
Belinda Vigors ◽  
Peter Sandøe
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Current Research Interest ◽  
The Right ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Positive Animal

It is claimed that positive animal welfare (PAW) developed over the last decade in reaction to animal welfare focusing too much on avoiding negatives. However, it remains unclear what PAW adds to the animal welfare literature and to what extent its ideas are new. Through a critical review of the PAW literature, we aim to separate different aspects of PAW and situate it in relation to the traditional animal welfare literature. We find that the core PAW literature is small (n = 10 papers) but links to wider areas of current research interest. The PAW literature is defined by four features: (1) positive emotions which is arguably the most widely acknowledged; (2) positive affective engagement which serves to functionally link positive emotions to goal-directed behavior; (3) quality of life which serves to situate PAW within the context of finding the right balance of positives over negatives; (4) happiness which brings a full life perspective to PAW. While the two first points are already part of welfare research going back decades, the two latter points could be linked to more recent research agendas concerning aggregation and how specific events may affect the ability of animals to make the best of their lives.

scholarly journals Male incontinence: a critical review of the literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosângela Higa ◽  
Maria Helena Baena de Moraes Lopes ◽  
Carlos Arturo Levi D'Ancona
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Male Incontinence ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Loss Control

The aim was to identify and analyze studies on the quality of life and life experiences of men with urinary incontinence. Through critical review of the literature, data were analyzed using content analysis technique based on psychodynamic references. The results were grouped into two themes: Psychosocial lived experience aspects of men with urinary incontinence; Men's lived experience in the management of urinary incontinence. Men with urinary incontinence experienced a low self-image along with a sense of social stigma associated to the image of a deteriorated body. Seeking treatment when the incontinence is mild and making use of psychological and social mechanisms to adapt to the urinary incontinence. The study shows that incontinent men to have low expectation regarding treatment due to the lack of knowledge about existing therapies and strategies to urinary loss control.

scholarly journals Exposure and input in bilingual development

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSANNE E. CARROLL
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Grammar Learning ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Bilingual Development ◽  
The Right

A growing literature on bilingual development explores relationships between language exposure and learning outcomes. Vocabulary size and pace of grammar learning have been claimed to be causally related to amounts or types of exposure to each language. Strong claims are made about the role of exposure on bilingual outcomes. Some researchers posit a unique learning result: a ‘weak language’. In a critical review, I voice reasons for scepticism that quantity or quality of exposure alone will explain findings. Central constructs are not well defined; inappropriate research methods have been used; the right kind of data is not discussed. Crucially, authors prevaricate on the notion of language itself, switching between cognitive and environmental perspectives. Both are needed to interpret bilingual behaviours but play different roles in the construction of learner grammars.

scholarly journals Animal welfare and environmental enrichment in the domestic breeding and ornamental rearing of geese and mallards

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-125
Author(s):  
Luiza Isaia de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Bird Breeding ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
The Right

The concept of animal welfare has been widely studied and discussed in recent years. This is a science, which seeks an improvement in the quality of life of animals, ensuring that they have the right to their 5 basic freedoms respected. Animal welfare practices seek to have animals express their natural behavior, even when they are in captivity, ensuring their physical and psychological health. Such techniques help in the adaptation of the animal to the environment, especially in captive animals and in breeding. There is a direct relationship between the implementation of animal welfare practices and the ability of them to adapt and have a good quality of life in the environment in which it was inserted. The growing increase in ornamental bird breeding and as pets has revealed the need to study and ensure welfare practices in the rearing of these animals. One of the techniques used to ensure animal welfare is the implementation of different types of environmental enrichments. Environmental enrichment seeks through different techniques and materials to provide more attractive and stimulating environments to animals, allowing interaction between animals and animal-environment, enabling them to enjoy and explore the environment, optimizing the available spaces, providing opportunities for the development of behaviors and natural abilities of the species, reducing the stress caused by space limitation and absence of stimuli. The objective of this work was to relate animal welfare in the implementation of environmental enrichment in two breeding stake of geese and mallards, one for ornamental and domestic purposes, birds being reared as pets. In particular describe the creation, report the implementation of three types of environmental enrichment: food, physical and social, and response of birds after the implementation of this technique of animal welfare promotion. The results of the implementation of food, physical and social environmental enrichment, to improve the well-being of birds, were verified in both breedings, obtaining a positive result. There was an improvement in the behavior of the animals, which is closer to the natural in both groups, attesting to improvement in quality of life and providing physical and psychological well-being to birds.

scholarly journals A review of internal audit theories

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (87(143)) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Lena Grzesiak ◽  
Przemysław Kabalski
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Agency Theory ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Institutional Isomorphism ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Property Rights Theory ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Transaction Theory

The article was written based on the critical review of the literature (mainly foreign) regarding the theo-retical basis of internal audit. The authors have chosen and discussed six theories, which in their opinions best explain the core of internal audit. Those are: agency theory, cost transaction theory, property rights theory, institutional isomorphism theory, and two systems theories. The authors have pointed out which research problems may be formulated based on each of the mentioned theories.

scholarly journals Eliminating the Burden of Lymphedema in Cancer Patients Requiring Nodal Dissections Using Prophylactic Immediate Lymphatic Reconstruction – A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2513826X2110289
Author(s):  
Abiye Mussie ◽  
Maria C. Medor ◽  
Sylia Mohand-Said ◽  
Andrea M. Ibrahim ◽  
Carolyn Nessim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Quality Of Life Questionnaire ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Nodal Dissection ◽  
The Right

Immediate lymphatic reconstruction (ILR), performed concurrently with nodal dissection, has shown promise in reducing the rates of lymphedema in patients with various types of cancers. Herein, we detail the case of a 42-year-old patient who underwent nodal dissection in the management of their melanoma. This patient underwent ILR at the time of lymph node dissection of the right axilla and was followed for 24 months. Circumferential measurements of both the operative and non-operative limbs, as well as lymphedema-specific quality of life questionnaire (LYMQOL) data, were collected at each appointment. Our patient developed lymphedema transiently at 3 months which had resolved by the 6-month follow-up and maintained favorable measures of quality of life over the course of 2 years. This novel approach has yet to be implemented as a standard of care in Canada. Such an outcome would be overwhelmingly positive for our cancer population, and on our health-care system overall.

No Pain, No Gain: A Critical Review of the Literature on Signaling Unobservable Product Quality

2000 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Kirmani ◽  
Akshay R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Information Economics ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Marketing Variables

Recent research in information economics has focused on signals as mechanisms to solve problems that arise under asymmetric information. A firm or individual credibly communicates the level of some unobservable element in a transaction by providing an observable signal. When applied to conveying product quality information, this issue is of particular interest to the discipline of marketing. In this article, the authors focus on the ways a firm may signal the unobservable quality of its products through several marketing-mix variables. The authors develop a typology that classifies signals and discuss the available empirical evidence on the signaling properties of several marketing variables. They consider managerial implications of signaling and outline an agenda for future empirical research.

Measuring the Impact of Headache in Children: A Critical Review of the Literature

Cephalalgia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Kernick ◽  
J Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Headache is the most frequent neurological symptom and commonest manifestation of pain in childhood. Measuring the impact of headache in terms of health status, functioning and quality of life can inform the prioritization of competing resource claims, screen for unmet need, improve communication between patient and physician and monitor response to treatment. We undertook a critical review of the literature measuring the impact of headache in children and identified 33 papers that contained relevant information. Findings reflected a wide range of settings, age groups, methodologies and outcome measures. Considerable methodological limitations affected all studies, including inadequate description of study design, methodology and data analysis. Nevertheless, although we found the existing literature to be of inconsistent quality, the impact of headache in children and adolescents is substantial. Rigorous studies are required to quantify this burden using measures that are valid and reliable and whose development has been informed by both theoretical and practical perspectives.

scholarly journals From Interior to Interiority: Locating Key Historical Moments in the Relationship between Spaces and Individuals

Interiority ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-211
Author(s):  
Bruno Cruz Petit
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Sociocultural Evolution ◽  
Contemporary Life ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

We spend increasingly more time in architectural interiors, spaces that can give us quality of life and interesting scenarios for the growth of identity and interiority. However, both spatial interior and psychological interiority faces difficulties inherent to contemporary life. This text proposes a critical review of the literature on the socio-spatial archeology of the subject in order to see possible paths of realisation of interiority in the present. The document presents several stages in the sociocultural evolution of an interior space that needs to be described with different adjectives (spiritual, hedonistic, promiscuous) and groups the most relevant contributions of the literature according to this proposal.

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