scholarly journals Effects of Gas Production Recording System and Pig Fecal Inoculum Volume on Kinetics and Variation of In Vitro Fermentation using Corn Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles and Soybean Hulls

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Jae-Cheol Jang ◽  
Zhikai Zeng ◽  
Gerald C. Shurson ◽  
Pedro E. Urriola
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Model ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Manual Recording ◽  
Inoculum Volume ◽  
Corn Distillers

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of inoculum volume (IV), substrate quantity, and the use of a manual or automated gas production (GP) recording system for in vitro determinations of fermentation of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) and soybean hulls (SBH). A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used and included the factors of (1) ingredients (cDDGS or SBH), (2) inoculum volume and substrate quantity (IV30 = 0.2 g substrate + 30 mL inoculum or IV75 = 0.5 g substrate + 75 mL inoculum), and (3) GP recording system (MRS = manual recording system or ARS = automated recording system). Feed ingredient samples were pre-treated with pepsin and pancreatin, and the hydrolyzed residues were subsequently incubated with fresh pig feces in a buffered mineral solution. The GP recording was monitored for 72 h, and the kinetics were estimated by fitting data using an exponential model. Compared with SBH, cDDGS yielded less (p < 0.01) maximal gas production (Gf), required more time (p < 0.02) to achieve half gas accumulation (T/2), and had less (p < 0.01) fractional rate of degradation (µ) and in vitro fermentability of dry matter (IVDMF). Using the ARS resulted in less IVDMF (p < 0.01) compared with MRS (79.0% vs. 81.2%, respectively). Interactions were observed between GP recording system and inoculum volume and substrate quantity for Gf (p < 0.04), µ (p < 0.01), and T/2 (p < 0.04) which implies that increasing inoculum volume and substrate quantity resulted in decreased Gf (332 mL/g from IV30 vs. 256 mL/g from IV75), µ (0.05 from IV30 vs. 0.04 from IV75), and T/2 (34 h for IV30 vs. 25 h for IV75) when recorded with ARS but not MRS. However, the recorded cumulative GP at 72 h was not influenced by the inoculum volume nor recording system. The precision of Gf (as measured by the coefficient of variation of Gf) tended to increase for IV30 compared with IV75 (p < 0.10), indicating that using larger inoculum volume and substrate quantity (IV75) reduced within batch variation in GP kinetics. Consequently, both systems showed comparable results in GP kinetics, but considering convenience and achievement of consistency, 75 mL of inoculum volume with 0.5 g substrate is recommended for ARS.

scholarly journals 133 Porcine in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of heat-pretreated and multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
Cienna J Boss ◽  
Jung Wook Lee ◽  
Rob Patterson ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Heat Pretreatment ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract A study was conducted to determine effects of pretreating and supplementing soybean hulls with multi-enzyme on porcine in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics. Treatments were untreated and heat-pretreated (160 °C and 70 psi for 20 min) soybean hulls without or with multi-enzyme in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The multi-enzyme supplied 2,800 U of cellulase, 1,800 U of pectinase, 400 U of mannanase, 1,000 U of xylanase, 600 U of glucanase, and 200 U of protease/kilogram of feedstuff. Feedstuffs were subjected to in vitro digestion with porcine pepsin and pancreatin, followed by in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. On DM basis, untreated and pretreated soybean hulls contained 10.4 and 10.6% CP, and 63.2 and 49.5% ADF, respectively. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation did not interact on in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM). Untreated and pretreated soybean hulls did not differ in IVDDM (24.8 vs. 25.7%). Multi-enzyme increased (P &lt; 0.05) IVDDM of soybean hulls by a mean of 45.5%. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme unaffected total gas production. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme interacted (P &lt; 0.05) on fractional rate of degradation such that the fractional rate of degradation for pretreated soybean hulls was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that of untreated soybean hulls when soybean hulls were supplemented with multi-enzyme (0.045 vs. 0.062 h-1), but not when soybean hulls were unsupplemented with multi-enzyme (0.053 vs. 0.059 h-1). In conclusion, multi-enzyme supplementation increased IVDDM, implying that the multi-enzyme used in the study can be used to enhance utilization of soybean hulls. Heat pretreatment increased the rate of fermentation of multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls, implying that the rate of fermentation of soybean hulls in the hindgut of pigs can be enhanced by a combination of heat pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation.

scholarly journals PSVIII-7 In vitro fermentation of different dietary fibers selectively changed sow gut microbiota composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 283-283
Author(s):  
Xiong Xia ◽  
Lingling Hu ◽  
Jian Peng
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Kinetics Parameters ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Konjac Flour

Abstract In vitro fermentation experiments with modified starch 1 (MS1), modified starch 2 (MS2), guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG), konjac flour (KF), wheat brain (WB), and inulin (I) were conducted for 48 h to investigate the effects on gilt gut microbiota. Fecal examples were obtained from three gilts; the fermentation kinetics parameters were analysed in Logistic-Exponential (LE) model such as the final asymptotic gas volume (Vf, ml/g), initial fractional rate of degradation at t-value=0 (FDR0, h-1), fractional rate of gas production at particular time (k, h-1) and half-time to asymptote (T1/2, h). Samples were collected after fermentation for short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and 16S rDNA microbial analysis. MS1, MS2, and I had the highest Vf (P &lt; 0.01). The k of GG and I were significant higher (P &lt; 0.01). FDR0 of MS2, GG, and I were the lowest following KF, MS1, WB, and XG, successively (P &lt; 0.01). T1/2 of MS1, KF, WB, and GG were lower (P &lt; 0.01). MS1, MS2, and GG produced more acetate (P &lt; 0.05) and total SCFAs (P &lt; 0.01), and butyrate produced by MS2 was significant higher (P &lt; 0.01). The microbiota composition changed dramatically after fermentation, decreasing bacteria abundance and alpha-diversity (P &lt; 0.01). The relative abundance of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes decreased, while phyla Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Kiritimatiellaeota, and Fusobacteria were selectively promoted by DF. The LEfSe analysis showed Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Aeromonadales were enriched in MS1 treatment; Clostridiales, Clostridia, and Anaerosporobacter were enriched in MS2 treatment; Bacteroidales, Bacteroidia, and Bacteroidetes were enriched in GG treatment; Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_013 were enriched in XG treatment; Lachnospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Ruminiclostridium were enriched in KF treatment; Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillales, were enriched in I treatment. In conclusion, different type of DFs may play a specific role in gilt gut microbiota changing and composition.

Use of an in vitro gas production method to study kinetics of rumen dry matter degradation of forages

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 249-251
Author(s):  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
J. C. Tanner ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
M. K. Theodorou ◽  
H. M. Winugroho
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Dry Matter Degradation ◽  
Kinetics Of

In addition to assessing rate and extent of gas production from fermenting forages in vitro with rumen micro-organisms, gas production methods (e.g. Theodorou et at, 1994) may be used also to study the degradation kinetics of forage dry matter and its fractions. As the substrate dry matter can be lost only through fermentation or solution, this removes the error inherent in the polyester bag method caused by fine particle losses from bags being deemed part of the ‘soluble’ fraction.The pressure transducer technique (PTT) of Theodorou et al. (1994) was used to measure gas production from nine tropical forage samples (Table 1). Nine bottles were prepared from each of the forage samples. Two bottles of each forage were harvested after 8, 24 and 48 h of incubation and a further three bottles at 72 h, to determine dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) losses. The same nine forages were assessed using the polyester bag method (Mehrez and Ørskov, 1977) to obtain DM and OM disappearance after rumen incubations of 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. The soluble fraction was determined by hand washing. The reproducibility of measured losses, at given times, was examined using concordance (rc) correlation (Lin, 1989) and mean square prediction error (MSPE, Bibby and Toutenberg, 1977). Also the simple exponential model was used to estimate the fractional rate of DM degradation (kd) and asymptote A (%) for each forage and the values obtained using PTT (kd,ptt) and in situ (kd,bag) compared using rc and MSPE.

Ruminal inoculum activity in cattle supplemented with corn grain at different daily frequencies: evaluation using the in vitro gas-production technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1662
Author(s):  
G. Antúnez ◽  
C. Cajarville ◽  
A. Britos ◽  
A. González ◽  
J. L. Repetto
Keyword(s):  
Lag Time ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Supplementation Frequency ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Corn Grain

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentation activity of ruminal inoculum from cattle fed fresh pasture and supplemented or not with corn grain at different daily frequencies. Twenty heifers with ruminal catheters were randomly assigned to four treatments. Animals were fed pasture ad libitum and non-supplemented (T0) or supplemented with corn grain at 1% of bodyweight offered in one (T1), two (T2) or eight (T8) meals per day. After 20 days of adaptation, ruminal inoculum of each heifer was used to evaluate fermentation activity by the in vitro gas-production technique, using alfalfa, white clover or ryegrass as substrates. Gas production was measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h from the beginning of incubation. Data were fitted to an exponential model and potential gas volume, fractional rate of gas production and lag time were analysed by PROC MIXED, considering the effect of treatment and substrate, and their interaction. The three parameters were affected by the substrate. Supplementation frequency did not affect the potential gas volume or the fractional rate of gas production. An interaction between treatment and substrate was detected (P < 0.01) on lag time, but only when ryegrass was used as the substrate. In conclusion, increasing the frequency of supplementation did not show benefits for the fermentation activity of ruminal inoculum, at least when the type of pasture used in this experiment was supplemented with corn at 1% of bodyweight.

In vitro fermentation of four tropical browse legumes: estimation of the effect of tannins by gas production

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Rodríguez ◽  
Mariano Mota ◽  
Manuel Fondevila ◽  
Gabriel de la Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constant ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Enterolobium Cyclocarpum ◽  
Gas Volume

SummaryThe microbial fermentation of the tropical leguminous browses Acacia cornigera (ACA), Albisia lebbekoides (ALB), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (ENT) and Leucaena leucocephala (LEU) was estimated in vitro as the final production of gas. ACA gave the greatest final (asymptotic) gas volume (D; 179 ml/g DM) and fractional rate constant (0.070). Although ENT showed the greatest rate constant (0.87), reaching half its maximum gas production in 7.8 h, it produced less gas than ACA by 9 h incubation, and did not differ from LEU by 24 h ALB gave the lowest gas production. In another trial the negative effect of tannins was estimated over 48 h as ameliorated by the addition of PEG. The effect was variable between species, the greatest being with ALB (Restriction of 0.60-0.68 of the potential gas volume due to the presence of tannins) and increasing slowly, reaching its’ maximum at 12 or 24 h with ACA (0.33) or LEU (0.16). There was no response to the addition of PEG with ENT indicating that other secondary compounds distinct from the condensed tannins were affecting microbial utilisation.

scholarly journals Associative Effects between Forages and Concentrates on In Vitro Fermentation of Working Equine Diets

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2212
Author(s):  
Mónica Gandarillas ◽  
Juan Pablo Keim ◽  
Elisa María Gapp
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Need To Evaluate

Background: Horses are hindgut fermenters, and it is therefore important to determine the postgastric nutritive value of their feedstuffs and diets. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in other animal species that the fermentation of diets results in different values than those expected from pure ingredients. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to evaluate the gas production (GP) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, as well as the associative effects, of mixtures of different forages and concentrated foods, which are representative of the traditional diets of high-performance horses. Methods: An in vitro gas production experiment was conducted to assess the fermentation of two forages and three concentrates that are typical in horse diets. The combination of 70% of forage and 30% concentrates was also assessed to determine potential associative effects. Results: Concentrates and grains produced higher GP and VFA than forages when evaluated alone. When experimental diets were incubated, GP parameters and VFA concentrations of forage–concentrate mixtures had unexpected differences from the values expected from the fermentation of pure ingredients, suggesting the occurrence of associative effects. Conclusions: Our results indicate that there is a need to evaluate the fermentation of diets, rather than predicting from the values of pure ingredients.

Chemical characterization and in vitro fermentation ofBrassicastraw treated with the aerobic fungus,Trametes versicolor

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Ramirez-Bribiesca ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
L. Jin ◽  
T. Canam ◽  
J. R. Town ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Trametes Versicolor ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Lignin Degradation Products

Ramirez-Bribiesca, J. E., Wang, Y., Jin, L., Canam, T., Town, J. R., Tsang, A., Dumonceaux, T. J. and McAllister, T. A. 2011. Chemical characterization and in vitro fermentation of Brassica straw treated with the aerobic fungus, Trametes versicolor . Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 695–702. Brassica napus straw (BNS) was either not treated or was treated with two strains of Trametes versicolor; 52J (wild type) or m4D (a cellobiose dehydrogenase-deficient mutant) with four treatments: (i) untreated control (C-BNS), (ii) 52J (B-52J), (iii) m4D (B-m4D) or (iv) m4D+glucose (B-m4Dg). Glucose was provided to encourage growth of the mutant strain. All treatments with T. versicolor decreased (P<0.05) neutral-detergent fibre and increased (P<0.05) protein and the concentration of lignin degradation products in straw. Ergosterol was highest (P<0.05) in straw treated with B-52J, suggesting it generated the most fungal biomass. Insoluble lignin was reduced (P<0.05) in straw treated with B-52J and B-m4D, but not with B-m4Dg. Mannose and xylose concentration were generally higher (P<0.05) in straw treated with fungi, whereas glucose and galactose were lower as compared with C-BNS. The four treatments above were subsequently assessed in rumen in vitro fermentations, along with BNS treated with 2 mL g−1of 5 N NaOH. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids after 24 and 48h were lower (P<0.05) in incubations that contained BNS treated with T. versicolor as compared with C-BNSor NaOH-treated BNS. Compared with C-BNS, in vitrodry matter disappearance and gas production were increased (P<0.05) by NaOH, but not by treatment with either strain of T. versicolor. Although treatment with T. versicolor did release more lignin degradation products, it did not appear to provide more degradable carbohydrate to in vitro rumen microbial populations, even when a mutant strain with compromised carbohydrate metabolism was utilized. Production of secondary compounds by the aerobic fungi may inhibit rumen microbial fermentation.

332 Effect of Chemical and Biological Preservatives on in vitro Fermentation and Methane Production of Ensiled and Aerobically Exposed Wet Brewer’s Grains

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Marjorie A Killerby ◽  
Diego Zamudio ◽  
Kaycee Ames ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Thomas Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
System Data

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of preservatives on the in vitro fermentation measures of wet brewer’s grain (WBG) silage at different stages of storage. Treatments (TRT) were sodium lignosulfonate at 1% (NaL1) and 2% (NaL2; w/w of fresh WBG), propionic acid (PRP; 0.5% w/w of fresh WBG), a combination inoculant (INO; Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus buchneri each at 4.9 log cfu/fresh WBG g), and untreated WBG (CON). WBG (Fresh) were packed into 8.8 L mini-silos and stored for 60 d at 21°C (Ensiled), then they were opened and aerobically exposed for 10d (AES). Samples from each stage of storage (STG; Fresh, Ensiled and AES) were analyzed for in vitro ruminal digestibility (24 h).Gas kinetics were recorded using the Ankom RF Gas Production System. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 5 (TRT) × 3 (STG) factorial arrangement. Apparent in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) decreased across STG, (51.5, 47.2 and 40.9 for Fresh, Ensiled and AES, respectively) and increased for NaL1, NaL2 and PRP (~47.8) vs. CON (43.0 ± 2.12%). PRP increased apparent in vitro OM digestibility (OMD) when Ensiled (54.5) and NaL2 increased it for AES (47.1) vs CON (46.3 and 39.9 ± 1.73%, respectively). The asymptotic maximal (M) and rate (k) of gas production decreased across STG (214.6, 181.5, 155.1 and 14.6, 12.6, and 9.8, for Fresh, Ensiled and AES, respectively). PRP increased (200.0) and NaL1 decreased (169.3) M vs. CON (183.9± 7.81ml/incubated DM g), while NaL1 and NaL2 (~11.4) decreased k vs. CON (13.4 ± 0.85%/h). Methane concentration and yield were higher in Fresh vs. other STG (0.94 vs. ~0.84 ± 0.07mM and 0.27 vs. ~0.23 ± 0.03mmol/g fermented OM). Spoilage of WBG decreases fermentability and methane production while PRP and NaL improve digestibility with the former also increasing M and k.

scholarly journals 85 Evaluation of methane concentration sampling methods of gas produced from in vitro fermentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Genevieve M D’Souza ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Best Estimate ◽  
Direct Sampling

Abstract Sampling methods of methane concentration (CH4) of gas produced from in vitro fermentation (IVGP) were evaluated to assess their determination efficacy. The original protocol recommends directly placing fermented bottles on ice (0°C) for 30 minutes to stop fermentation (D). An alternate protocol recommends placing the fermented bottles into the refrigerator (4–6°C) to slow fermentation (S). This experiment evaluated the previous methods against direct sampling of the gas after 48 h of fermentation at 39°C (I). Rumen inoculum was pulled from four rumen cannulated steers and filtered through fiberglass wool. Ground alfalfa was used as the fermentable substrate and total gas production was recorded for 48 h of fermentation. After fermentation, each bottle followed a randomly assigned protocol. The pressure and volume of gas in the bottle were recorded, 12 mL of gas from the headspace was placed into an evacuated exetainer for (CH4) sampling via gas chromatography, and the temperature of the fermented fluid was recorded. Eight bottles from D and eight bottles from S were randomly selected to follow the exetainer protocol, while the remaining bottles had (CH4) directly measured from their headspace. Statistical analysis was completed using a random coefficients model. Methane concentration was higher for I than D (P = 0.0286) and S (P = 0.0070). There was no difference in (CH4) between D and S (P = 0.5286). There was no difference in (CH4) in D exetainers and bottles (P = 0.5744), but there was a difference in (CH4) in S exetainers and bottles (P = 0.0229). Pressure, volume, and temperature were different among all protocols (P ≤ 0.0311). Based upon the data, protocol I provides the best estimate of (CH4). Further research is required to understand the discrepancy of (CH4) among the protocols relative to temperature, pressure, and volume.

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