scholarly journals The Limiting Sequence and Appropriate Amino Acid Ratio of Lysine, Methionine, and Threonine for Seven- to Nine-Month-Old Holstein Heifers Fed Corn–Soybean M-Based Diet

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Yanliang Bi ◽  
Qiyu Diao ◽  
Minyu Piao ◽  
Bing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Acid Ratio

An “Amino acid (AA) partial deletion method” was used in this experiment to study the limiting sequences and appropriate ratio of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr) in the diets of 7- to 9-month-old Holstein heifers. The experiment was conducted for three months with 72 Holstein heifers (age = 22 ± 0.5 weeks old; BW = 200 ± 9.0 kg; mean ± standard deviation). Following an initial two weeks adaptation period, heifers were allocated to one of four treatments: a theoretically balanced amino acid diet (positive control [PC]; 1.00% Lys, 0.33% Met, and 0.72% Thr), a 30% Lys deleted diet (partially deleted Lys [PD–Lys]; 0.66% Lys, 0.33% Met, and 0.72% Thr), a 30% Met deleted diet (partially deleted Met, [PD–Met]; 1.00% Lys, 0.22% Met, and 0.72% Thr), and a 30% Thr deleted diet (partially deleted Thr [PD–Thr]; 1.00% Lys, 0.33% Met, and 0.45% Thr). Experimental animals were fed a corn–soybean meal-based concentrate and alfalfa hay. In addition, the animals were provided with supplemental Lys, Met, and Thr (ruminal bypass). The results found no differences in the growth performance and nitrogen retention between PD–Thr treatment and PC treatment (p > 0.05). The average daily gain (p = 0.0013) and feed conversion efficiency (p = 0.0057) of eight- to ninr-month-old heifers were lower in both PD–Lys and PD–Met treatment than those in PC treatment. According to growth performance, Lys was the first limiting AA, followed by Met and Thr. Moreover, nine-month-old Holstein heifers in PD–Lys treatment and PD–Met treatment had higher levels of serum urea nitrogen (p = 0.0021), urea nitrogen (p = 0.0011) and total excreted N (p = 0.0324) than those in PC treatment, which showed that nitrogen retention significantly decreased (p = 0.0048) as dietary Lys and Met levels decreased. The limiting sequence based on nitrogen retention was the same as that based on growth performance. The appropriate ratio of Lys, Met, and Thr in the diet based on nitrogen retention was 100:32:57. In summary, the limiting sequence and appropriate amino acid ratio of Lys, Met, and Thr for seven- to nine-month-old Holstein heifers fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet were Lys > Met > Thr and 100:32:57, respectively.

scholarly journals Effects of a xylanase and beta-glucanase enzyme combination on growth performance of broilers fed maize-soybean meal-based diets

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
S. Gilani ◽  
M.I. Garcia ◽  
L. Barnard ◽  
Y. Dersjant-Li ◽  
C. Millán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Enzyme Combination

The following study evaluated effects of a xylanase and beta-glucanase combination on growth performance of broilers fed energy reduced versus nutritionally adequate maize-soybean meal-based diets. A total of 648, one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were assigned to floor-pens (24 birds/pen, nine pens/treatment, three treatments) in a randomised block design. Treatments included: (1) a nutritionally adequate positive control diet (PC); (2) a negative control (NC) diet in which energy, crude protein and digestible amino acids were reduced by 3.4% (-105 kcal apparent metabolisable energy), 2.3% and 1.2 to 3.0% vs PC, respectively; and (3) NC plus a xylanase and beta-glucanase combination that supplied 1,220 U xylanase and 152 U beta-glucanase per kilogram of final feed. All diets contained a background of 500 FTU/kg phytase and were offered to birds ad libitum. Birds fed NC showed reduced average daily gain (ADG) by -6.1% (P<0.05); increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 9.2 points (P<0.05), and overall (d 1-35) body weight corrected FCR which was increased by 9.4 points (P<0.05) vs the PC group. Enzyme supplementation increased final BW (+4.2%, P<0.05), ADG (+5.4%, P<0.05) and tended to reduce FCR (+7.5 points, P=0.054) from d 22-35 vs NC, without affecting average daily feed intake. Improvements in performance due to the enzyme combination were equivalent to performance on the PC diet in all cases. The results suggested that significant improvements in growth performance of broilers fed maize-soybean meal-based diets which had been reduced in energy and nutrients can be realised by supplementation with xylanase in combination with beta-glucanase.

64 Total Replacement of Inorganic Phosphorus by a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-phytase Variant in Grower Pigs Fed Corn-soybean Meal-based Diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
Deepak E Velayudhan ◽  
Marta Gracia ◽  
Leon Marchal ◽  
Yueming Dersjant-Li
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Percentage Points

Abstract The efficacy of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) to totally replace dietary inorganic phosphorus (Pi) was evaluated in grower pigs fed diets with reduced net energy (NE) and digestible amino acids (AA), using growth performance and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients as outcome measures. A total of 352 growing pigs (23.4 ± 1.3 kg) were randomized to 4 dietary treatments with 8 pigs/pen and 11 pens/treatment. Diets were corn, soybean meal, distiller’s dried grains with solubles and wheat middlings based, formulated by phase (Grower 1, 25 to 50 kg and Grower 2, 50 to 75 kg). The positive control (PC) diet provided adequate energy and nutrients. A negative control diet was formulated without Pi (0.12% STTD P) and reduced Ca (-0.12 to -0.13 percentage points), NE (-32 kcal/kg) and essential AA (-0.15 to 0.3 percentage points) vs. PC. The NC was supplemented with 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg of PhyG. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and orthogonal polynomial were used for linear response to increasing PhyG. Nutrient reductions in the NC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) during both phases and overall, increased (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and tended to reduce (P &lt; 0.1) feed intake during Grower 1 and overall, vs. PC. Supplementation of PhyG showed linear improvement (P &lt; 0.05) in FCR during Grower 1 and ADG during Grower 2 and PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg maintained a similar growth performance compared to PC. Addition of PhyG improved (P &lt; 0.001) ATTD P and tended to improve ATTD of DE (P &lt; 0.1) in linear manner. In conclusion, the novel consensus phytase can replace Pi and compensate for the reduction of Ca, NE and digestible AA in grower pig diets with equal performance compared to the nutrients adequate positive control.

scholarly journals A Very Low CP Level Reduced Diarrhoea and Productivity in Weaner Pigs, but No Differences between Post-Weaning Diets Including Soybean Meal or Soy Protein Concentrate Were Found

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 678
Author(s):  
Julie C. Lynegaard ◽  
Niels J. Kjeldsen ◽  
Julie K. Bache ◽  
Nicolai R. Weber ◽  
Christian F. Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Soy Protein Concentrate ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
And Performance

Soy protein concentrate improves nutrient utilization and growth performance compared to soybean meal, and diets with a low crude protein (CP) level decreases diarrhoea. The objectives were to (1) test a low CP diet based on different soy products, and (2) to test a very-low CP diet (15.1%) with amino acids (AA) on diarrhoea and productivity. A total of 5,635 weaned pigs (~28 days), were assigned to five dietary treatments; PC (positive control): Standard CP levels (192, 189, 191 g/kg CP) with 2500 ppm ZnO; NC (negative control): Same as PC without ZnO; SP (Soy protein concentrate): Low CP levels (176, 174, 191 g/kg CP); SB (Soybean meal): Low CP levels (177, 176, 191 g/kg CP); and XLA (X-low CP + AA): Very low CP levels (154, 151, 191 g/kg CP) with AA. The PC and XLA diets reduced diarrhoea by 41 and 61%, respectively, compared to the NC group, while no difference between SB and SP were observed. The XLA diet reduced feed intake and daily gain compared with PC and NC, where SP, SB, and XLA had a poorer feed conversion compared with PC. Conclusively, the SP and SB low-protein diets did not reduce diarrhoea or growth performance, whereas the XLA diet decreased both diarrhoea and performance.

scholarly journals By-products of apricot processing in quail feed: Effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat physicochemical quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 878-883
Author(s):  
Fatma Boubekeur ◽  
Rafik Arbouche ◽  
Yasmine Arbouche ◽  
Fodil Arbouche
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
By Products

Background and Aim: The rearing of quails can have a stronger attraction for the breeders if we lower the cost prices by introducing by-products in their feed formulas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the partial substitution of soybean meal by apricot kernel cake (AKC) in the diet of quails, applied either sequentially or during all phases of rearing, on their growth performances, carcass characteristics, and meat physicochemical composition. Materials and Methods: A total of 600 one-day-old quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with equal sex ratio and weighing on average 7±0.2 g, were randomly distributed in one control group and three experimental groups, the latter being designed according to the rate of application of AKC in either sequential or non-sequential mode in different rearing phases. Each group was divided into five replicates of 30 quails, randomly distributed according to either substitution rate of soybean meal by the AKC (0%, 10%, 20%, or 30%) or farming phase. Results: The average daily gain from the 1st to 45th days (average daily gain1–45d) was found to be the highest (4.24 g/d/subject, p=0.021) for the 30% AKC-supplemented feed lot in either starter or finish incorporation (DFTAA), having an optimum final live weight of 193.4 g (p=0.028), a lowest feed conversion ratio of 3.08 (p=0.001), and a daily feed intake of 860 g (p=0.01). Carcass yield was recorded the highest (74.4%, p=0.02) with an optimum meat protein level (30.6%, p=0.024) and the lowest fat content (2.26%, p=0.001) for the same group as well. Conclusion: The partial substitution of soybean meal by AKC in the quails' fattening feeding, during the finishing phase and for all rearing phases, led to a better growth performance, a better carcass yield, and an improved chemical composition of meat.

Effects of lipopolysaccharide on the growth performance, nitrogenmetabolism and immunity in preruminant calves

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Zhan ◽  
H. Li ◽  
C. Jiang ◽  
Y. Tu ◽  
D. Diao
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary Concentration ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Lps Challenge

To investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the growth performance, nitrogen metabolism and immunity in preruminant calves, forty Chinese Holstein male calves were randomly divided into two groups and injected intraperitoneally with 2.5 mg/kg BW of sterile saline or E. coli LPS (Escherichia coli O55:b55) on day 24, 26, and 28. The LPS challenge decreased average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency compared with control group (p less than0.05). The urinary concentration of nitrogen (pless than0.05) increased, whereas the nitrogen retention decreased (pless than0.05) after LPS-challenge. Injection of LPS increased body temperature, serum concentration of IL-1, TNF-a, IL-2 and IgG of calves. In conclusion, LPS-challenge activated immune responses, decreased utilization efficiency of nitrogen, and negatively impacted growth performance of preruminant calves.

scholarly journals Effects of Fermented Soybean Meal Supplementation on the Growth Performance and Cecal Microbiota Community of Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1098
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Baozhu Guo ◽  
Zhengke Wu ◽  
Weiwei Wang ◽  
Chong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fermented Soybean Meal ◽  
Fermented Soybean ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study investigated the growth performance, serum immunity, and cecal bacterial microbiota of broilers fed a diet in which soybean meal (SBM) was partially replaced with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) for 36 days. A total of 180 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly divided into three dietary groups (six replicates per group): corn-SBM diet (CC); 25% SBM replaced by FSBM (SC); 50% SBM replaced by FSBM (TC). The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion rates (FCR) were higher in SC than CC and TC groups (p < 0.05) during the growth (d 22–36) and whole (d 1–36) phases. No significant difference was observed in ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) between CC and TC groups during any phases. Dietary treatments increased serum IgA, IgG, and IgM, Chao 1, observed species, and the abundance of the phylum Fimicutes but decreased the proportion of Proteobacteria (p < 0.05). Dietary treatments increased the abundance of the genera Lachnospiraceae, Lachnoclostridium, Gastranaerophilales, and Lactobacillus but decreased the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Clostridiales (p < 0.05). Spearman’s correlations showed that the abundance of Gastranaerophilales was positively correlated with ADG and serum immunity, and the abundance of Lactobacillus was strongly positively with IgM. Thus, replacing 25% of SBM with FSBM improves the growth performance and serum immunity of broilers, possibly due to altered cecal microbial composition.

Effect of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant in grower pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diets formulated with a full nutrient matrix and no added inorganic phosphorus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Velayudhan ◽  
M Gracia ◽  
O Casabuena Rincón ◽  
L Marchal ◽  
Y Dersjant-Li
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Percentage Points

Abstract The capacity of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) to entirely replace dietary inorganic phosphorus (Pi) source in grower pigs fed diets with reduction of calcium (Ca), net energy (NE) and digestible amino acids (AA) was evaluated, using growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients as outcome measures. A total of 352 mixed-sex pigs (initial BW 23.4 kg) were randomized to 4 treatments, 8 pigs/pen and 11 pens/treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated by phase (grower 1, 25 to 50 and grower 2, 50 to 75 kg BW). The positive control diet (PC) provided adequate nutrients and a negative control diet (NC) was formulated without Pi (1.2 g/kg ATTD P) and reduced in Ca (-0.12 to -0.13 percentage points), NE (-32 kcal/kg) and digestible essential AA (-0.004 to -0.026 percentage points) vs. PC. Two further treatments comprised the NC plus 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg of PhyG. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, mean contrasts and orthogonal polynomial regression. Nutrient reductions in the NC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) during grower 1 and overall (73 to 136 days of age), increased (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) during grower 1 and overall and tended to reduce (P &lt; 0.1) average daily feed intake (ADFI) during grower 2 and overall, vs. PC. Phytase supplementation improved (P &lt; 0.05) FCR during grower 1, ADG during grower 2 and overall, ATTD of DM and P, and tended to improve DE (P = 0.053) in a linear dose-dependent manner. PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg resulted in growth performance (all measures, all phases) equivalent to PC. The findings demonstrate that PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg totally replaced Pi in complex grower pig diets containing industrial co-products, compensated a full nutrient matrix reduction and maintained performance.

Influence of Isoamylase Supplementation on Performance and α-Amylase Activities of Broilers Fed Maize-Soybean Meal Diets

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 104-108
Author(s):  
Ling Yun Liu ◽  
De Fa Sun ◽  
Jun Jun Li ◽  
Xiang Hua Tang ◽  
Yue Lin Mu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Daily Gain

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of isoamylase supplementation to maize-soybean diets on productive performance and amylase activities of broilers from 1 to 42 d of age.The results showed that different dose of isoamylase（300g/T,600 g/T,900 g/T, containing 3000IU of isoamylase/g）in the maize - soybean meal diet significantly affected the performance of broilers within 1-42 days. Within 1-21 days , the average daily gain(ADG) of experimental groups( experiment I (E I) experiment II (E II) experiment III (E III) ) improved by 3.2% -10.32%(P>0.05) compared with the control groups(negative control(NC) and positive control(PC)), average daily feed intake(ADFI) improved by 0.63%-7.43%(P>0.05), while feed conversion ratio decreased by 0.55%-4.43%(P>0.05); Within 21-42 days , the ADG of experimental groups decreased by 1.38%-4.84% and ADFI by 11.89%-15.58% (P<0.05), feed conversion ratio by 5.41%-7.54% compared with that in the NC group; Within 1-42 days , the ADG of experimental groups improved by 0.54%-4.06%(P>0.05), while ADFI decreased by 0.75%-11.83% (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio by 3.97%-7.52% (P>0.05) compared with those in the negative control. Isoamylase supplementation influenced amylase activity of various parts of the chyme in digestive tract and the tissues of small intestine and pancreas. 21 d, the amylase activity in experimental groups improved by 4.67%-79.29%(P<0.05) compared with PC, α-amylase activity in the majority experimental groups were lower than PC group, but the difference was not significant(P>0.05).

scholarly journals Effects of glutamine on growth performance of weanling piglets

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 444-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zou XT ◽  
Zheng GH ◽  
Fang XJ ◽  
Jiang JF
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Serum Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Weanling Piglets ◽  
Daily Gain

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of glutamine on growth performance of weanling piglets. Sixty piglets weaned at 21 days of age were randomly assigned to two groups (10 piglets per pen, 3 pens per group). The control group received a maize-soybean meal-based diet. The treatment group received a maize-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 1.0% free l-glutamine. Piglets were fed the diets for 20 days. Results showed that piglets fed the glutamine diet had lower diarrhoea ratio and shorter diarrhoea duration than those fed the control diet during 20 days after weaning. During the first ten days after weaning, pigs supplemented with glutamine had a 12.05% lower feed:gain ratio than those fed the control diet (P &lt; 0.05). During the second ten days after weaning, they had a 27.75% higher average daily gain than those fed the control diet (P &lt; 0.05); there were no differences in the feed:gain ratio and average daily feed intake. During the first ten days after weaning, the serum urea nitrogen of pigs supplemented with glutamine was reduced by 17.36% (P &gt; 0.05) compared to the control. During the second ten days after weaning, serum urea nitrogen was reduced by 4.27% and serum concentrations of total protein increased by 18.70% in pigs supplemented with glutamine compared to the control (P &gt; 0.05). There were no differences in albumin, T<sub>3,</sub> T<sub>4</sub> and growth hormone. &nbsp;

210 A Longer Adaptation Period to a Functional Amino Acid-supplemented Diet Improves Growth Performance and Attenuates Acute-phase Response in Salmonella Typhimurium-challenged Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
Lucas Rodrigues ◽  
Michael O Wellington ◽  
J Caroline González-Vega ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Andrew G Van Kessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation

Abstract Functional amino acid supplementation during disease challenge enhances growth performance and immune status. The present study investigated the effect of duration of adaptation period to a functional amino acid (FAA)-supplemented diet on growth performance and immune status during a subsequent Salmonella challenge in pigs. Thirty-two mixed-sex weanling pigs (8 pigs/treatment; 11.6 ± 0.34 kg initial body weight) received either a basal diet without FAA supplementation throughout the experimental period (FAA-) or a diet containing a supplemented FAA profile (Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements) fed for either 0 (FAA+0), 1 (FAA+1) or 2 (FAA+2) wk pre- and 1 wk post-inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). Pigs were orally inoculated with saline containing ST after the 2 wk pre-inoculation period and monitored for 1 wk post-inoculation. Pigs had ad libitum access to diets throughout the experiment. Performance parameters [average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, and gain:feed (GF)] were measured in the pre- and post-inoculation periods. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 4, and 7 post-inoculation for serum haptoglobin and albumin analysis. There was no effect of diet on pre-inoculation performance (P &gt; 0.05). Post-inoculation, FAA+2 pigs had the highest ADG (0.46 kg/d) and GF (0.63 kg/kg), FAA- the lowest (0.21 kg/d; 0.29 kg/kg), with FAA+0 (0.33 kg/d; 0.46 kg/kg) and FAA+1 (0.40 kg/d; 0.53 kg/kg) being intermediate (ADG, P &lt; 0.05, SEM=0.059; GF, P &lt; 0.05, SEM=0.099). Overall, albumin was higher in FAA+2 (35.25 g/L) and FAA+1 (34.63 g/L) pigs compared to FAA+0 (30.38 g/L) and FAA- (29.67 g/L) pigs (P &lt; 0.05, SEM=0.717). Furthermore, FAA+2 pigs had the lowest overall haptoglobin (0.90 g/L), FAA- the highest (1.54 g/L), with FAA+0 (1.32 g/L) and FAA+1 (1.06 g/L) being intermediate (P &lt; 0.05, SEM=0.111). In conclusion, a longer adaptation period to FAA supplementation improved performance and attenuated the immune response of pigs when exposed to an enteric disease challenge.

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