scholarly journals Olfactory Generalization in Detector Dogs

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariella Y. Moser ◽  
Lewis Bizo ◽  
Wendy Y. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Generalization Gradient ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Odor Mixtures ◽  
Training Strategies

Generalizing to target odor variations while retaining specificity against non-targets is crucial to the success of detector dogs under working conditions. As such, the importance of generalization should be considered in the formulation of effective training strategies. Research investigating olfactory generalization from pure singular compounds to more complex odor mixtures helps to elucidate animals’ olfactory generalization tendencies and inform ways to alter the generalization gradient by broadening or narrowing the range of stimuli to which dogs will respond. Olfactory generalization depends upon both intrinsic factors of the odors, such as concentration, as well as behavioral and cognitive factors related to training and previous experience. Based on the current research, some training factors may influence generalization. For example, using multiple target exemplars appears to be the most effective way to promote elemental processing and broaden the generalization gradient, whereas increasing the number of training instances with fewer exemplars can narrow the gradient, thereby increasing discrimination. Overall, this research area requires further attention and study to increase our understanding of olfactory generalization in dogs, particularly detector dogs, to improve training and detection outcomes.

scholarly journals Managerial role in enhancing employee motivation in public health care

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-410
Author(s):  
Ghamiet Aysen ◽  
Sanjana Brijball Parumasur
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Care Management ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Managerial Role ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Sustainable Health

Engulfed by numerous setbacks pronounced by huge manpower crises, work overload and poor working conditions, public sector employees find it increasingly difficult to ensure a more patient-focused, results-driven and sustainable health care system. Whilst extrinsic rewards are almost non-existent, managers in public health care can play a pivotal role in enhancing employee motivation through intrinsic factors. This study aims to assess managerial characteristics for public health care (management of attention, meaning, self, trust, risk, feelings) and employee motivation (achievement, power, affiliation) and, the relationships between these. A sample of 338 employees (stratified random sampling) and 18 managers (consensus sampling) were drawn. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Based on the results, the study provides guidance for enhancing employee motivation and consequently, service delivery in public health care.

scholarly journals Training Strategies for Practical Ability of College Students Majoring in Computer-Aided Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Xingde Liu
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Curriculum Planning ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Training Strategies ◽  
Aided Design

Currently, the college students majoring in computer-aided design (CAD), a discipline under the department of mechanical engineering, generally have a poor ability to solve engineering problems. Therefore, this paper attempts to design effective training strategies to improve the practical ability of the CAD majors. Firstly, the authors highlighted the promoting effect of the CAD on the practical ability of college students, and summed up the prob-lems of college students in the engineering application of the CAD. On this basis, several strategies were put forward to improve the practical ability of the CAD majors from three aspects: CAD curriculum planning, CAD practi-cal training and CAD platform construction. To verify the effectiveness of the strategies, an index system was established based on information entro-py, and organized into an evaluation model through expert scoring. The strategies and evaluation model provide strong supports to the training of practical ability for the CAD majors.

scholarly journals Perfil dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis nos Lixões de Minas Gerais / Characteristics of the Waste Pickers in Municipal Dumps in the State of Minas Gerais

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (44) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Frederico Poley Martins Ferreira ◽  
Danilo Gomes de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
Waste Pickers

Neste artigo procurou-se investigar as condições de trabalho e renda dos catadores de materiais recicláveis em lixões a céu aberto no estado de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de uma pesquisa tipo “survey”, inclusive numa perspectiva regional, cujos objetivos foram: identificar, dimensionar e caracterizar as principais carências e necessidades desses trabalhadores e de suas famílias. Entre outros aspectos, foram abordados: a Idade, estrutura familiar, renda, condições de trabalho atuais e anteriores ao lixão, formalização e associação. Observou-se que, a maioria dos catadores é do sexo masculino, mas também com importante participação, das mulheres, de jovens e idosos, normalmente, com baixa qualificação e com experiência anterior no mercado formal de trabalho. Como conclusão principal foi enfatizada a importância dos empreendimentos auto gestionários para a melhoria das condições de trabalho, especialmente no atual contexto de mudança da legislação brasileira sobre a disposição final do lixo urbano.Palavras–chave: Catadores, lixo, condições de trabalho, associação.  Abstract In this article was analyzed the labor conditions and income of people who collect recyclable materials in open municipal dumps in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were obtained from a survey did with pickers in a regional and municipal perspectives. Individual characteristics like age, family structure, income, workload, work association, previous works and work formalization among others were gotten. The main aim of this research was to obtain data about the needs and problems of these workers and their families. The majority of them are men, with an important share of youths and elderlies, they have low qualifications, and some previous experience in the formal market. As conclusion, the importance of self-managed organizations was emphasized what allow waste pickers improve their income and working conditions, especially in a recent context of change in the Brazil´s waste disposal legislation.Keywords: garbage collectors, recycling, working conditions, Association. 

scholarly journals Two-Branch Attention Learning for Fine-Grained Class Incremental Learning

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 2987
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Guo ◽  
Guanqiu Qi ◽  
Shuiqing Xie ◽  
Xiangyuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Incremental Learning ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Feature Representation ◽  
Learning Network ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Critical Regions ◽  
Number Of Classes

As a long-standing research area, class incremental learning (CIL) aims to effectively learn a unified classifier along with the growth of the number of classes. Due to the small inter-class variances and large intra-class variances, fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC) as a challenging visual task has not attracted enough attention in CIL. Therefore, the localization of critical regions specialized for fine-grained object recognition plays a crucial role in FGVC. Additionally, it is important to learn fine-grained features from critical regions in fine-grained CIL for the recognition of new object classes. This paper designs a network architecture named two-branch attention learning network (TBAL-Net) for fine-grained CIL. TBAL-Net can localize critical regions and learn fine-grained feature representation by a lightweight attention module. An effective training framework is proposed for fine-grained CIL by integrating TBAL-Net into an effective CIL process. This framework is tested on three popular fine-grained object datasets, including CUB-200-2011, FGVC-Aircraft, and Stanford-Car. The comparative experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework can achieve the state-of-the-art performance on the three fine-grained object datasets.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of training strategies to improve healthcare provider practices in low-income and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e003229
Author(s):  
Alexander K Rowe ◽  
Samantha Y Rowe ◽  
David H Peters ◽  
Kathleen A Holloway ◽  
Dennis Ross-Degnan
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Provider ◽  
Educational Outreach ◽  
Interactive Methods ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Service Training ◽  
Training Strategies ◽  
Effectiveness Of Training

IntroductionIn low/middle-income countries (LMICs), training is often used to improve healthcare provider (HCP) performance. However, important questions remain about how well training works and the best ways to design training strategies. The objective of this study is to characterise the effectiveness of training strategies to improve HCP practices in LMICs and identify attributes associated with training effectiveness.MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis of data from a systematic review on improving HCP performance. The review included controlled trials and interrupted time series, and outcomes measuring HCP practices (eg, percentage of patients correctly treated). Distributions of effect sizes (defined as percentage-point (%-point) changes) were described for each training strategy. To identify effective training attributes, we examined studies that directly compared training approaches and performed random-effects linear regression modelling.ResultsWe analysed data from 199 studies from 51 countries. For outcomes expressed as percentages, educational outreach visits (median effect size when compared with controls: 9.9 %-points; IQR: 4.3–20.6) tended to be somewhat more effective than in-service training (median: 7.3 %-points; IQR: 3.6–17.4), which seemed more effective than peer-to-peer training (4.0 %-points) and self-study (by 2.0–9.3 %-points). Mean effectiveness was greater (by 6.0–10.4 %-points) for training that incorporated clinical practice and training at HCPs’ work site. Attributes with little or no effect were: training with computers, interactive methods or over multiple sessions; training duration; number of educational methods; distance training; trainers with pedagogical training and topic complexity. For lay HCPs, in-service training had no measurable effect. Evidence quality for all findings was low.ConclusionsAlthough additional research is needed, by characterising the effectiveness of training strategies and identifying attributes of effective training, decision-makers in LMICs can improve how these strategies are selected and implemented.

scholarly journals Mammary developmental fate and breast cancer risk

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Medina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Developmental Fate ◽  
Long Time

The ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, play a pivotal role in normal and neoplastic development of the mammary gland. These hormones have a paradoxical role as long duration of estrogen and progesterone are associated with increased breast cancer risk, while short duration of pregnancy level doses are associated with a reduced breast cancer risk. The protective effects of estrogen and progesterone, as well as pregnancy, have been extensively studied in animal models. Recent studies have demonstrated that these hormones induce alterations in gene expression in the mammary epithelial cells which persist for a long time after the hormones are withdrawn from the host. It is postulated that hormones induce a switch in mammary developmental fate which decreases the risk of breast cancer over the lifetime of the host. Some of the possible cellular pathways persistently altered by short term hormone exposure are a decrease in growth factors and an increase in apoptosis. The expression of these genes, in turn, may be affected by alterations in genes regulating chromatin remodeling. The relative contributions of host-mediated factors and mammary cell intrinsic factors remain to be determined. The current studies have moved this research area from the biological to the molecular realm and offer the potential for directing prevention efforts at specific molecular targets.

Effective training strategies for teaching communication skills to physicians: An overview of systematic reviews

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Berkhof ◽  
H. Jolanda van Rijssen ◽  
Antonius J.M. Schellart ◽  
Johannes R. Anema ◽  
Allard J. van der Beek
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Effective Training ◽  
Overview Of Systematic Reviews ◽  
Training Strategies
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