scholarly journals Efficacy of a Novel Mechanical Cervical Dislocation Device in Comparison to Manual Cervical Dislocation in Layer Chickens

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rathnayaka M.A.S. Bandara ◽  
Stephanie Torrey ◽  
Patricia V. Turner ◽  
Alex zur Linden ◽  
Anna Bolinder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intramuscular Dose ◽  
Cervical Dislocation ◽  
Layer Chickens ◽  
Clinical Anesthesia ◽  
Clonic Convulsions ◽  
Model C ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Brain

The main objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of mechanical cervical dislocation using the Koechner Euthanasia Device Model C (KED) in comparison to manual cervical dislocation in layer chickens. Laying hens and/or roosters in three different age groups (12, 27–29, and 65–70 weeks old) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: manual cervical dislocation in conscious birds (CD), manual cervical dislocation in anesthetized birds (aCD), or mechanical cervical dislocation by KED in anesthetized birds (aMCD). Anesthetized birds received an intramuscular dose of 0.3 mg/kg medetomidine and 30 mg/kg of ketamine to achieve clinical anesthesia. A comparison of CD vs. aCD responses confirmed that the anesthetic plane abolished or reduced clonic convulsions, nictitating membrane reflex, tonic convulsions, and cloacal relaxation. Time to loss of the pupillary light reflex (~123 s), and time to cardiac arrest (~172 s) were longer (p < 0.001) in the birds in the aMCD group than aCD (~71 and ~137 s, respectively). Radiographs revealed that the majority of the birds killed by manual cervical dislocation (CD + aCD) had dislocations between the skull and atlas (C1) or between cervical vertebrae C1–C2. The KED resulted in a majority of dislocations at C2–C3. Birds killed by manual cervical dislocation presented more subdural and parenchymal hemorrhage in the brain stem compared to birds killed by KED. Radiographs indicated the presence of fractures in a few birds killed by either method (CD + aCD versus aMCD). Compared to manual CD, KED resulted in less brain trauma and a longer latency to brain death, indicating a lower efficacy of KED as an on-farm killing method.

On-farm euthanasia practices and attitudes of commercial meat rabbit producers

2017 ◽  
Vol 181 (11) ◽  
pp. 292-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Walsh ◽  
Aaron Percival ◽  
Brian Tapscott ◽  
Patricia V Turner
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Educational Materials ◽  
Blunt Force Trauma ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Cervical Dislocation ◽  
On Farm

Appropriate and timely on-farm euthanasia is the responsibility of the producer, working together with their herd veterinarian. Unfortunately, validated methods for euthanasia of commercial meat rabbits are lacking and there are few educational materials available for producer training. Because euthanasia must be performed in a timely fashion to minimise suffering, it is critical to ensure that methods used are aesthetic, humane and effective. We surveyed Canadian meat rabbit producers for current on-farm euthanasia practices as well as attitudes towards the methods they employed and thoughts on novel euthanasia techniques. Surveys were distributed with a response rate of 26 per cent (n=26). Blunt force trauma was the most common euthanasia method used (54 per cent), followed by assisted manual cervical dislocation (31 per cent). Half of producers admitted to not having a euthanasia method in place for all age groups of rabbits, instead electing to let sick and injured rabbits die on their own. While some producers reported feeling highly skilled and satisfied with their current euthanasia method, 58 per cent reported concerns with their current method and 42 per cent desired alternative methods to be developed. Responses to additional questions on training and awareness of euthanasia resources indicated that veterinarians are not part of on-farm euthanasia planning for meat rabbits.

X-Linked Lissencephaly With Abnormal Genitalia as a Tangential Migration Disorder Causing Intractable Epilepsy: Proposal for a New Term, “Interneuronopathy”

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-397
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Kato ◽  
William B. Dobyns
Keyword(s):  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Tangential Migration ◽  
Intractable Seizures ◽  
Migration Disorder ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Paired Class ◽  
Clonic Convulsions ◽  
The Brain

X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia is the first human disorder in which deficient tangential migration in the brain has been demonstrated. Male patients with X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia show intractable seizures, especially clonic convulsions or myoclonus from the first day of life, but neither infantile spasms nor hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalograms so far. Brain magnetic resonance imaging shows anterior pachygyria and posterior agyria with a mildly thick cortex, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and dysplastic basal ganglia. ARX, a paired-class homeobox gene with four polyalanine sequences, is a responsible gene for X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia. The brain of Arx knockout mice shows aberrant tangential migration and differentiation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. In human X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia, a neuropathologic study has suggested a loss of interneurons. Meanwhile, polyalanine expansion of ARX causes symptomatic or nonsymptomatic West's syndrome and nonsyndromic mental retardation. The striking epileptogenicity of X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia and West's syndrome associated with ARX mutations is considered to be caused by a disorder of interneurons involving a tangential migration disorder. We propose “interneuronopathy” as a term for this. ( J Child Neurol 2005;20:392—397).

scholarly journals Age and Sex Related Changes in Weight of the Whole brain: a Postmortem Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Kanij Fatema ◽  
Shamim Ara ◽  
Mushfika Rahman ◽  
Halima Afroz
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group D ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Brain weight varies with age and gender. It decreases with age and also in many diseases. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was carried out to establish normal standard in different age groups in weight of the brain and to see the difference between sexes of adult Bangladeshi people. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 postmortem human brains of adult age groups ranging from 22-58 years in male and 22-48 years in female were collected from the unclaimed dead bodies during postmortem at the autopsy laboratory in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2010 to December 2010. The samples were divided into four different age groups i.e. Group A (20-29 years), Group B (30-39 years), Group C (40-49 years) and Group D (50-59 years). The weight of the whole brain was measured and significant differences in weight of the whole brain between different age groups and between male and female were determined.Results: In male highest value of weight was 1326.67±41.53 gm in group A and lowest one was 1281.6±40.21 gm in group D. These values of female were 1235.56±48.51 gm in group A and 1197.14±38.61 gm in group C. Significant differences were found in mean weight of the whole brain in male and female in group A (p=0.001), B (p=0.001) and C (p=0.001). The difference of mean weight in different age groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The weight of the brain is higher in male than in female and it decreases with age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.20554 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(4) 2014 p.396-400

scholarly journals Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: a pilot study for Bulgarian Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Yaneva ◽  
R Massaldjieva ◽  
N Mateva ◽  
D Bakova
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Aging ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunctions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bulgarian Population ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background The Cognitive Reserve (CR) is a concept used to represent the individual differences in processing cognitive tasks, allowing to cope with the pathology of the brain. CR describes the individual brain potential as a result of various activities during the lifespan. The study of this construct could open one more “door” on the path to the prevention of diseases associated with cognitive dysfunctions in human aging. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the CR as a part of a project aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various options for stimulating active aging. Methods The Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) was translated into Bulgarian and was administered to 114 healthy participants (84,2% female and 15,8% male), aged 23 to 84 years (M = 52,40 SD = 16.81), divided into three age groups (up to 44, 45- 69 and over 70 years old). An individual CRI-level was calculated based on the subscores for education, working activity and leisure time. Non-parametric tests (Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Kruskal-Wallis test) were used for statistical analysis. Findings The CRI-level depends significantly on age (χ2=31.834, (df = 6), p &lt; 0.001) but does not depend on gender (p = 0.257). Significant difference was found in three age groups for the total CRI-score (p &lt; 0.001), CRI-Education (p &lt; 0.001) and CRI-WorkingActivity (p &lt; 0.001) except for CRI-LeisureTime score (p = 0.547). The total CRI-score significantly correlate with CRI-Education (r = 0.863), CRI-WorkingActivity (r = 0.809) and CRI-LeaisureTime (r = 0.414). Key messages The CRIq is an easy to administer instrument that could help the assessment of the cognitive reserve in Bulgarian population. The cognitive reserve depends on human behavior through the life span and this fact gives new opportunities for prevention of diseases associated with cognitive dysfunctions in human aging.

scholarly journals Antiphospholipid syndrome and the brain in pediatric and adult patients

Lupus ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Muscal ◽  
RL Brey
Keyword(s):  
Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Thrombin Inhibitors ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Inherited Thrombophilia ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
The Brain

The most common neurological manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in all age-groups include stroke and transient ischemic attacks due to arterial thromboses and cerebral ischemia. Antiphospholipid antibodies may cause additional non-criteria neurological impairments through vascular, neuroinflammatory and direct neuronal effects. Anti-aggregant or anticoagulant therapies are indicated for APS-related ischemic strokes. Treatment regimens for asymptomatic antibody-positive patients and those with refractory or recurrent disease remain controversial. There is scant literature on the epidemiology and therapy of neurological APS manifestations in pediatric patients. Assessments of modifiable cardiovascular and inherited thrombophilia risk factors are essential in patients with APS. There may be a role for novel neuroimaging modalities in quantifying APS-related microstructural brain damage. The clinical utility of statins, antimalarials, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and thrombin inhibitors warrant further research.

Age and sex specific brain biometrical study in Vanaraja chickens

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Kumar Panigrahy ◽  
Kumaresh Behera ◽  
Lal Mohan Mohapatra ◽  
Arun Kumar Mandal ◽  
Kamdev Sethy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Volume ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cervical Dislocation ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Biometrical Study ◽  
Age And Sex

The objective of this study was to evaluate the brain biometrical dynamics with advancement of age between sexes. One hundred fifty day-old sexed Vanaraja chicks (75 male + 75 female) were selected and distributed equally in two groups. Birds were slaughtered by cervical dislocation method at 21, 42, 63 and 84 days of age and biometrical measurements were taken. From our present study we observed brain volume had shown significant (P>0.05) changes with respect to age and sex of birds. The mean length of both left and right cerebral hemispheres between male and female birds had varied significantly (P>0.05). With advancement of age, hemispheric length varied significantly (P>0.05). The major finding was that cerebral width significantly (P>0.05) increased from 42-63 days of age and in male birds cerebellar length increased from 63 days onwards. There were age-specific changes in all the morphometrical parameters where as between sexes there were some minor variations.

scholarly journals Effects of Dehydration on Brain Functioning: A Life-Span Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Pross
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Brain

Background: In the last 10 years, there has been an increase in the publication of literature dealing with the effects of mild dehydration on cognition in healthy adults. Fewer studies, leading to less consistent data, involved other age groups. Summary: In healthy young adults refraining from drinking or participating in dehydration protocols, it was found that mild dehydration had no impact on performance, whereas the mood was widely impaired. Several studies have also been conducted in young children either as observational studies or as interventional studies. Nevertheless, methodological differences in (de)hydration monitoring, in cognitive assessments, and in the age/brain maturation of study participants, often resulted in contradictory findings regarding the cognitive functions impacted by (de)hydration. Although not consistent, these data showed that not only mood but also performance tend to be impaired by dehydration in children. Even if older adults are likely to be more vulnerable to dehydration than younger adults, very few studies have been conducted in this regard in this population. The results show that, like it is in children, cognition tends to be impaired when the elderly are dehydrated. Taken together, these studies suggest that dehydration has greater detrimental effects in vulnerable populations. Recent imaging data suggest that the brain of children and elderly adults may have fewer resources to manage the effects of dehydration. Consequently, cognitive tasks may be more demanding for younger and older brains and performance more likely to be impaired in these populations, in comparison to young healthy subjects who have greater and more efficient resources.

The effect of reserpine upon experimental coxsackievirus B-3 infection in mice

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-582
Author(s):  
E. I. Grodums
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Reserpine Treatment ◽  
Recovered Virus ◽  
Coxsackievirus B ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Brain

Coxsackievirus (cox.) B-3 pathogenicity was markedly augmented in weanling and adult mice during a reserpine treatment. In both age groups the mortality rose to 100% after the 1st week of inoculation.In the olfactory bulb of the reserpine-treated weanling mice the score of viral lesions was 80% compared to 2% in the non-treated. In the heart of the reserpine-treated infected mice it was 62%, while it was 40% without reserpine. In the adult mice the viral tissue damage was aggravated in the interscapular brown adipose pad and the olfactory bulb. Moreover, the viral lesions in the reserpine-treated mice in both age groups showed some striking morphological differences when compared with mice injected with the virus only.The recovered virus yielded higher titers in the reserpine-treated mice in both age groups. In the adult reserpine-treated mice the LD50 of the cox. B-3 recovered from the brain and heart were as high as in the weanlings.

Potential cerebral malaria therapy: intramuscular arteether and vitamin D co-administration

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (12) ◽  
pp. 1557-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEMLATA DWIVEDI ◽  
SUNIL KUMAR SINGH ◽  
BHAVANA SINGH CHAUHAN ◽  
SARIKA GUNJAN ◽  
RENU TRIPATHI
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Adjunct Treatment ◽  
Intramuscular Dose ◽  
Malaria Therapy ◽  
T Cell Migration ◽  
Inflammatory Chemokines ◽  
Improvement In Survival ◽  
The Brain

SUMMARYCerebral malaria (CM) shows lethality rate of 15–25% despite effective antimalarial chemotherapy. The effective adjunct treatment to counteract the CM pathogenesis is urgently required. In murine CM model, most interventions studied till date are administered before the onset of CM symptoms, which belittle its translational value to human. We studied intramuscular arteether–vitamin D (ART–VD) combination treatment for CM outcome improvement after the onset of neurological symptoms. The intramuscular dose of 50 µg kg−1 VD for 3 days combined with a loading dose of 25 mg kg−1α/β arteether followed by 12·5 mg kg−1 dose for two consecutive days led to significant improvement in survival (73% in combination group vs 29 and 0% in arteether and VD monotherapy, respectively) and clinical recovery. The treatment in all the groups partially restored the blood–brain barrier integrity and reduced the level of serum proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. The brain transcripts of inflammatory chemokines viz. CXCL10, CXCL9, CCL4 and CCL5 and T cell migration in the brain microvasculature were significantly diminished in all the treatment groups. ART–VD treatment significantly reduced intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Taken together, our findings show that coordinated actions of ART–VD improve the outcome of experimental CM.

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