scholarly journals Animal Ethical Views and Perception of Animal Pain in Veterinary Students

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Valros ◽  
Laura Hänninen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Rights ◽  
Animal Ethics ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Veterinary Students ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Animal Pain ◽  
Ethics Dilemma ◽  
Ethical View

Veterinary students face several ethical challenges during their curriculum. We used the Animal Ethics Dilemma to study animal ethical views of Finnish veterinary students, and also asked them to score the level of pain perception in 13 different species. Based on the 218 respondents, the utilitarian view was the dominating ethical view. Mammals were given higher pain scores than other animals. The proportion of the respect for nature view correlated negatively, and that of the animal rights view positively, with most animal pain scores. Fifth year students had a higher percentage of contractarian views, as compared to 1st and 3rd year students, but this might have been confounded by their age. Several pain perception scores increased with increasing study years. We conclude that the utilitarian view was clearly dominating, and that ethical views differed only slightly between students at different stages of their studies. Higher pain perception scores in students at a later stage of their studies might reflect an increased knowledge of animal capacities.

Pain perception in chronic knee osteoarthritis with varying levels of pain inhibitory control: an exploratory study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-661
Author(s):  
Paulo E. P. Teixeira ◽  
Hanan I. Zehry ◽  
Swapnali Chaudhari ◽  
Laura Dipietro ◽  
Felipe Fregni
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Clinical Variables ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Intensity Perception

AbstractBackground and aimsPain is a disabling symptom in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Dysfunction of descending pain modulatory pathways and reduced pain inhibition enhance pain facilitation in many chronic pain syndromes but do not fully explain pain levels in chronic musculoskeletal conditions. The objective of this study is to explore the association of clinical variables with pain intensity perception in KOA individuals with varying levels of Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) response.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional, exploratory analysis using baseline data of a randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of a non-invasive brain stimulation treatment on the perception of pain and functional limitations due to KOA. Sixty-three subjects with KOA were included in this study. Data on pain perception, mood perception, self-reported depression, physical function, quality of life, and quantitative sensory testing was collected. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the association between the clinical variables with pain perception for individuals with different levels of CPM response.ResultsFor KOA patients with limited CPM response, perception of limitations at work/other activities due to emotional problems and stress scores were statistically significantly associated with pain scores, F(2, 37) = 7.02, p < 0.01. R-squared = 0.275. For KOA patients with normal CPM response, general health perception scores were statistically significantly associated with pain scores, F(1, 21) = 5.60, p < 0.05. R-squared = 0.2104. Limitations of this study include methodology details, small sample size and study design characteristics.ConclusionsPain intensity perception is associated differently with clinical variables according to the individual CPM response. Mechanistic models to explain pain perception in these two subgroups of KOA subjects are discussed.

A118G Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of Human μ-Opioid Receptor Gene Influences Pain Perception and Patient-controlled Intravenous Morphine Consumption after Intrathecal Morphine for Postcesarean Analgesia

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex T. Sia ◽  
Yvonne Lim ◽  
Eileen C. P. Lim ◽  
Rachelle W. C. Goh ◽  
Hai Yang Law ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Receptor ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Intrathecal Morphine ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Mu Opioid Receptor ◽  
Morphine Consumption ◽  
Mu Opioid ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intravenous Morphine

Background Previous studies have shown that genetic variability at position 118 of the human mu-opioid receptor gene altered patients' response to intravenous morphine. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether this polymorphism contributes to the variability in response to morphine for postcesarean analgesia. Methods After investigators obtained informed consent, 588 healthy women received 0.1 mg intrathecal morphine for postcesarean analgesia. Their blood samples were genotyped for the A118G polymorphism-A118 homozygous (AA), heterozygous (AG), or homozygous for the G allele (GG). Pain scores, the severity of nausea and vomiting, the incidence of pruritus, and the total self-administered intravenous morphine were recorded for the first 24 postoperative hours. Results Two hundred seventy women (46%) were AA, 234 (40%) were AG, and 82 (14%) were GG. The 24-h self-administered intravenous morphine consumption was lowest in the AA group (P = 0.001; mean, 5.9; 95% confidence interval, 5.1-6.8) versus the AG (8.0; 6.9-9.1) and GG groups (9.4; 7.3-11.5). Pain scores were lowest in the AA group and highest in the GG group, with a statistically significant difference detected between AA, AG, and GG (P = 0.049). Total morphine consumption was also influenced by patients' age and paying status. AA group was associated with the highest incidence of nausea (26 of 272 [9.6%]; P = 0.02) versus the other two groups (13 of 234 [5.6%] and 1 of 82 [1.2%] for AG and GG, respectively). Conclusion Genetic variation at position 118 of the mu-opioid receptor is associated with interindividual differences in pain scores, self-administered intravenous morphine, and the incidence of nausea postoperatively.

scholarly journals Ambivalent Speciesism Scale: Development, Validity and Reliability

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (18) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Rights ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Animal Ethics ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
The Social ◽  
Orientation Scale ◽  
Animal Use

The aim of this study is to develop a scale compatible with current animal ethics studies to measure the phenomenon of speciesism, that is marginalization of animals and prejudice and discrimination against animals. In order to develop the Ambivalent Speciesism Scale, an item pool was created by examining the animal ethics literature and social psychology studies on human-animal relations, and then the items were edited by taking the opinions of people studying animal rights and experts in measurement and evaluation in psychology. The scale is designed in 7-point Likert type. The trial form was applied to the participants together with the Speciesism Scale, the Social Dominance Orientation Scale and the Basic Empathy Scale. Participants were selected from individuals representing different lifestyles in the context of animal use, using the snowball sampling technique. The study was conducted with 288 participants; 64 men, 217 women and, 7 of whom are not of both genders. While there were 24 items in the trial form of the scale, nine of these items were eliminated as a result of the factor analysis. The final form of the scale with 15 items has a high reliability (.90). The items of the scale are divided into three dimensions: belief in human superiority, protective speciesism, and speciesism in language. It was determined that the scores obtained from the scale were in positive correlation with the scores obtained from the other scale measuring speciesism and the social dominance orientation scale, as expected. The scores obtained from the scale are distributed as expected among the groups that include lifestyles related to animal use. These data were evaluated as findings showing the validity of the scale. Keywords Speciesism, ambivalent speciesism scale, animal rights, discrimination, animal ethics

scholarly journals Offset Analgesia in Neuropathic Pain Patients and Effect of Treatment with Morphine and Ketamine

2011 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 1063-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Niesters ◽  
Elske Hoitsma ◽  
Elise Sarton ◽  
Leon Aarts ◽  
Albert Dahan
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Pain Score ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Spontaneous Pain ◽  
Noxious Heat ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Pain Patients

Background Offset analgesia, in which a disproportionally large amount of analgesia becomes apparent upon a slight decrease in noxious heat stimulation, has not been described previously in patients with chronic pain. Methods Offset analgesia responses in 10 patients with neuropathic pain (in both legs) were compared with 10 matched healthy controls and volunteers from a convenience sample (n = 110) with an age range of 6-80 yr. Offset analgesia was defined by the reduction in electronic pain score upon the 1°C decrease in noxious heat stimulus relative to the peak pain score where pain was administered at the volar side of the arm. Results Offset analgesia was present in healthy volunteers irrespective of age and sex (pain score decrease = 97 ± 1% [mean ± SEM]). In contrast, a reduced or absent offset analgesia response was observed in patients with neuropathic pain (pain score decrease = 56 ± 9% vs. controls 98 ± 1%, P &lt; 0.001). Intravenous treatment with ketamine, morphine, and placebo had no effect on offset analgesia in patients, despite sharp reductions in spontaneous pain scores. Conclusions These data indicate that offset analgesia is fully developed at the age of 6 yr and does not undergo additional maturation. The reduced or absent responses observed in patients with chronic neuropathic pain indicate the inability to modulate changes in pain stimulation, with perseverance of pain perception in situations in which healthy subjects display signs of strong analgesia. Both central and peripheral sites may be involved in the altered offset analgesia responses in these patients.

Animals in Political Theory

2015 ◽  
pp. 42-64
Author(s):  
Sue Donaldson ◽  
Will Kymlicka
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Animal Ethics ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Animal Question ◽  
Blind Spots

Western political theorists have largely ignored the animal question, assuming that animals have no place in our theories of democracy, citizenship, membership, sovereignty, and the public good. Conversely, animal ethicists have largely ignored political theory, assuming that we can theorize the moral status and moral rights of animals without drawing on the categories and concepts of political theory. This chapter traces the history of this separation between animals and political theory, examines the resulting intellectual blind spots for animal ethics, and reviews recent attempts to bring the two together. Situating animal rights within political theory has the potential to identify new models of justice in human-animal relations, and to open up new areas of scholarship and research.

The Angler in the Environment: Social, Economic, Biological, and Ethical Dimensions

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Ethical Challenge ◽  
Recreational Fishing ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Catch And Release ◽  
Individual Fish ◽  
Recreational Angling ◽  
The Individual

<i>Abstract</i>.—Ever since fishing was called recreational fishing, a cruelty charge has hovered around somewhere in the background. In recent times, however, it has made it to the fore substantiated by anthropomorphic reasoning and fuelled by high-visibility papers claiming that fish can feel pain and suffer. Because some segments of the public perceive the infliction of these mental states to fish as abhorrent and not outweighing the costs imposed on the individual fish by appropriate benefits to the human, recreational fishing is coming under attack on moral grounds. Other challenges have also emerged that do not center on the issue of whether fish are sentient or not. In this paper, we describe five of the most prevalent moral challenges to recreational angling, two of which—animal welfare and wilderness-centered perspectives—can offer a constructive outlook by calling upon improved treatment of individual fish (animal welfare) and generally more sustainable management (wilderness perspective). In contrast, if one subscribes to animal liberation or animal rights philosophies, the outlook for recreational fishing is generally negative: it has to stop. A final challenge is associated with the motivations of anglers. The moral argument there is that the activity is carried out largely for angler pleasure rather than as a means of securing survival. The outlook of this ethical challenge sometimes leans towards only accepting one form of recreational fishing: catching, killing, and eating. Voluntary catch-and-release fishing and practices such as tournament fishing with a strict total catch-and-release policy would then not be ethically permissible. In this paper, we highlight the origin and background of each of the five ethical challenges and explain their implications for recreational fishing.

scholarly journals Pain Perception of the First Eye versus the Second Eye during Phacoemulsification under Local Anesthesia for Patients Going through Cataract Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuying Shi ◽  
Jinqiu Yuan ◽  
Benny Zee
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Major Surgery ◽  
Eye Surgery ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
The Difference

Background. Phacoemulsification under local anesthesia is regarded as the major surgery for cataract treatment. Recent research has compared the pain perception between the first eye and the second eye during phacoemulsification. However, these studies have also yielded controversial findings. Consequently, we performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis to investigate the difference in the pain perception between the first and second eyes during phacoemulsification. Method. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases for the studies published up to October 5, 2018. Prospective observational studies were included. The meta-analysis was conducted by means of random-effects model and fixed-effects model according to the heterogeneity. Evaluation of the methodological quality of studies was based on Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results. Overall, eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis of pooled data showed that the pain scores of the first eye shortly after surgery under local anesthesia were significantly lower as compared to the second eye (WMD: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.98; P<0.00001). The average pain scores of the first eye shortly after surgery under the topical anesthesia were also lower than those of the second eye (WMD: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.36; P<0.00001). Conversely, anxiety scores in the first eye surgery were significantly higher than those in the second eye surgery (SMD: −0.40; 95% CI: −0.64, −0.16; P=0.001). However, the difference of the pain scores accessed on the first postoperative day between the first and second eye surgeries (WMD: −0.05; 95% CI −0.40, 0.31; P=0.79) as well as cooperation grades of patients between the first and second eye surgeries (WMD: 0.35; 95% CI −0.07, 0.76; P=0.10) was not statistically significant. Conclusion. Patients experienced more pain in the surgery of the second eye than that of the first eye, which probably related to lower anxiety before the second surgery. It suggests that we should consider preoperative intervention to reduce the perceived pain during second eye cataract surgery.

Does Beast Suffering Count for Kant

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Baranzke ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Animal Ethics ◽  
Emotional Needs ◽  
Animal Suffering ◽  
Moral Concepts ◽  
Perfect Duties ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Human Responsibility

Ever since Schopenhauer´s accusation, it has been disputed whether Kant´s few remarks concerning the ethical human-animal-relationship in the Lectures and in the Doctrine of Virtue fail to support ethical arguments on behalf of animals. One critique that plays a central role is whether Kant would have forbidden cruelty to brutes for educational purposes. In addition to these old objections, Kant´s ethics is charged to be speciesistic by animal ethicists and animal rights philosophers at present.The following article examines especially §17 of the Doctrine of Virtue, which is the only animal ethical text authorized by Kant himself. The interpretation starts by taking the context of §17 into account, particularly the “Episodic Section on an Amphiboly in Moral Concepts”. The systematic output of the cruelty-account and of the duty classes is then analyzed. Central for the understanding of Kant´s argumentation relating to animals are the perfect duties to oneself, which are linked to Kant´s foundation of human dignity. Finally the roles of the physical and emotional needs of brutes and humans in Kant´s ethics are compared with each other. Some conclusions are then drawn concerning human and animal rights in relation to a duty-based argumentation. The article therefore appreciates Kant´s integration of animal suffering into the very core of his virtue ethics, an integration that may be able to open the door for an enlightened animal ethics based on human responsibility.

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