scholarly journals Parameters for the Analysis of Social Bonds in Horses

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccarda Wolter ◽  
Volker Stefanski ◽  
Konstanze Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Proactive Behaviour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Close Spatial Proximity

Social bond analysis is of major importance for the evaluation of social relationships in group housed horses. However, in equine behaviour literature, studies on social bond analysis are inconsistent. Mutual grooming (horses standing side by side and gently nipping, nuzzling, or rubbing each other), affiliative approaches (horses approaching each other and staying within one body length), and measurements of spatial proximity (horses standing with body contact or within two horse-lengths) are commonly used. In the present study, we assessed which of the three parameters is most suitable for social bond analysis in horses, and whether social bonds are affected by individual and group factors. We observed social behaviour and spatial proximity in 145 feral horses, five groups of Przewalski’s horses (N = 36), and six groups of feral horses (N = 109) for 15 h per group, on three days within one week. We found grooming, friendly approaches, and spatial proximity to be robust parameters, as their correlation was affected only by the animals’ sex (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.001, t = −2.7, p = 0.008) and the group size (GLMM: N = 145, SE < 0.001, t = 4.255, p < 0.001), but not by the horse breed, the aggression ratio, the social rank, the group, the group composition, and the individuals themselves. Our results show a trend for a correspondence between all three parameters (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.004, t = 1.95, p = 0.053), a strong correspondence between mutual grooming and friendly approaches (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.021, t = 3.922, p < 0.001), and a weak correspondence between mutual grooming and spatial proximity (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.04, t = 1.15, p = 0.25). We therefore suggest either using a combination of the proactive behaviour counts mutual grooming and friendly approaches, or using measurements of close spatial proximity, for the analysis of social bonds in horses within a limited time frame.

scholarly journals Følelser og sociale bånd i Akademia

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Charlotte Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Interview Study ◽  
Academic Life ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Emotional Culture ◽  
Collective Creativity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emotional Dimensions

Charlotte Bloch: Emotions and Social Bonds in Academia The purpose of this article is to expand our understanding of social relations in academia by examining the role that the emotional dimensions of these social relations play in academic life. It is based on the results of an interview study of emotions and emotional culture among people in various scholarly positions in academia. The article makes analytical distinctions between the structural conditions of emotions, the emotional culture of academia, lived or felt emotions and the management of emotions. And it identifies different ways of managing the emotions of uncertainty, shame, anger, pride and laughter. These feelings emerge from the structural conditions of the social relations in academic life, and the tacit rules of feeling in academic life define how these feelings are managed. Life in academia presupposes a certain amount of feeling labour and management of feelings. Thomas Scheff’s theory about emotions and social bonds is employed to identify what this management of feelings means for social relations in academia. Bonds in academia are stable and fluctuate between solidarity, isolation and engulfment, but primarily the last two. Loneliness, group conformity, absence of real cooperation, and weakening of individual and collective creativity are some of the consequences of this kind of social bond.

scholarly journals Więzi społeczne a zjawisko samotności i osamotnienia

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldona Żurek
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socially Isolated ◽  
Analytical Category

In modern societies, the number of people who are socially isolated and experience constant feeling of loneliness is increasing. Main causes of this social isolation are associated with both inherent features of an individual and features of structures such as family and local community. An isolated person is a person who has limited number of significant others. Nevertheless, loneliness may also occur when a person is a part of a lot of social relations. The feeling of loneliness is therefore an individually experienced discomfort resulting from a subjective evaluation of the desired and the existing network of social relations. Both phenomena are threats to the welfare of individuals and at the same time are a challenge for organizations which are dealing with social policy. An analytical category which provides the diagnosis of loneliness and isolation is the social bond. The assessment of deficits associated with social bonds and can be performed measuring following criteria: quantity, quality and potency of the social bond.

scholarly journals Risking the social bond: motivations to defend or to repair when dealing with displeasing information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Torp Løkkeberg ◽  
Nicolay Gausel ◽  
Roger Giner-Sorolla ◽  
Colin Wayne Leach
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Social Image ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Repair

AbstractOur choice to withhold or disclose displeasing information to another can motivate concern about damage to our social bonds. In two experiments, using two different samples of university students in Norway, (N = 174 and N = 217), we found that withholding unpleasant information led to greater concern for self- image and social-image than did disclosure. We also found that withholding elicited more shame, inferiority and rejection than disclosure, and in Experiment 2, withholding elicited more defensive motivation than disclosure. Consistent with our model, defensive motivation was mostly explained by concern for social-image, whereas relationship repair motivation was mostly explained by concern for self-image and felt shame. We discuss implications for the literature on shame and social bonds.

Similarity in sex and reproductive state, but not relatedness, influence the strength of association in the social network of feral horses in the Blauwe Kamer Nature Reserve

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Bouskila ◽  
Emmanuel Lourie ◽  
Shiri Sommer ◽  
Han de Vries ◽  
Zef M. Hermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Proximity Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Network Pattern ◽  
Strength Of Association

Relatedness is likely to affect the decisions of animals regarding their affiliations with conspecifics. Social network analysis provides tools to describe the social structure of animals. Here, we investigate the social network of a population of 27 unmanaged Konik horses in the Blauwe Kamer Nature Reserve, in the Netherlands. We test three hypotheses: (1) that related individuals will have stronger associations; (2) that individuals with low values of average relatedness to their neighbors in the network will have more links and (3) homophily, the tendency of individuals to associate with similar others, will lead to stronger associations among individuals of similar sex, reproductive state, age and rank in the social network. We videotaped 22 horses (excluding foals) and their interactions. Relatedness was calculated from the pedigree, which was based on parentage, determined by DNA analysis. The social network was based on spatial proximity data. There was no significant influence of relatedness on strength of associations in the network or an influence of age- or rank-homophily. We argue that the lack of a relatedness effect is not likely to have been caused by an inability to detect kinship. Strength of associations in the social network was significantly affected by the tendency of the horses to associate with individuals of the same sex and the same reproductive state. This social network pattern is not common in mammals, and the study of unexplained variation in choice and strength of associations may have important implications for other equids increasingly confined to reserves worldwide.

scholarly journals The Role of Social Bonds in Understanding the Pre- and Post-Recognition Effects of Recognition Visibility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Burke
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Employee Behavior ◽  
High Performing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Recognition ◽  
Employee Relationships

Distinguishing high-performing employees imposes choices on managers: Is recognition most effectively delivered publicly or privately? If delivered publicly, what setting is best? This paper broadens the accounting literature on the implications of these decisions. Via experiment, I examine how the social bond between recognized employees and those observing the recognition influences the effect of recognition visibility on employee behavior. I find that with weak social bonds, public recognition (versus private) does not result in more beneficial employee behavior. However, when social bonds are strong, employees provide greater pre-recognition effort and respond more positively to public recognition than to private recognition. Overall, my study supports the extensive use of public recognition in practice and helps clarify the collective results from prior accounting studies. My findings also have implications for implementing recognition programs - suggesting managers should consider employee relationships when deciding how and where to recognize their employees.

scholarly journals Social Bonds for Sustainable Development: A Human Rights Perspective on Impact Investing

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Kim PARK
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Bond Market ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Impact Investing ◽  
Global Capital ◽  
The Social

AbstractThis article analyses the human rights implications of impact investing, which aims to create positive social and environmental impacts in addition to financial returns. Reflecting growing awareness of the capacity of the global capital markets to advance sustainable development, companies and institutional investors are seeking new financial instruments and strategies. This article focuses on social bonds, a prominent and illuminating example of this phenomenon. Social bonds are debt securities sold to investors whose proceeds are used to finance projects with a defined social benefit such as affordable housing, education, food security, and access to healthcare. To analyse social bonds in the context of human rights, this article proposes a framework for evaluating human rights factors in impact investing and applies it to the social bond market. It finds that current standards and practices do not adequately account for the human rights implications of social bonds. In light of these observations, this article suggests reforms to the social bond market that enhance investor assessment, external assurance, and impact-maximizing leverage.

Cultural humility: Pilot study testing the social bonds hypothesis in interethnic couples.

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey E. McElroy-Heltzel ◽  
Don E. Davis ◽  
Cirleen DeBlaere ◽  
Josh N. Hook ◽  
Michael Massengale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Cultural Humility ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals The Function of Mounts in Free-Ranging Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Anzá ◽  
Bonaventura Majolo ◽  
Federica Amici
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Macaca Sylvanus ◽  
Barbary Macaques ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rank Difference ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractGenerally, nonreproductive sex is thought to act as “social grease,” facilitating peaceful coexistence between subjects that lack close genetic ties. However, specifc nonreproductive sexual behaviors may fulfill different functions. With this study, we aimed to test whether nonreproductive mounts in Barbary macaques are used to 1) assert dominance, 2) reinforce social relationships, and/or 3) solve conflicts. We analyzed nonreproductive mounts (N = 236) and postmount behavior in both aggressive and nonaggressive contexts, in 118 individuals belonging to two semi-free-ranging groups at La Montagne des Singes (France). As predicted by the dominance assertion hypothesis, the probability to be the mounter increased with rank difference, especially in aggressive contexts (increasing from 0.066 to 0.797 in nonaggressive contexts, and from 0.011 to 0.969 in aggressive contexts, when the rank difference was minimal vs. maximal). The strength of the social bond did not significantly predict the proportion of mounts across dyads in nonaggressive contexts, providing no support for the relationship reinforcement hypothesis. Finally, in support of the conflict resolution hypothesis, when individuals engaged in postconflict mounts, 1) the probability of being involved in further aggression decreased from 0.825 to 0.517, while 2) the probability of being involved in grooming interactions with each other increased from 0.119 to 0.606. The strength of the social bond between former opponents had no significant effect on grooming occurrence and agonistic behavior after postconflict mounts. Overall, our findings suggest that nonreproductive mounts in Barbary macaques have different functions that are not affected by the strength of the social bond.

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