scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Salicylic Acid Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Sodium Salicylate in Sheep

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashwati Mathurkar ◽  
Preet Singh ◽  
Kavitha Kongara ◽  
Paul Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sodium Salicylate ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Array Detection ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration ◽  
Effective Plasma Concentration ◽  
Different Doses

The pharmacokinetics of salicylic acid (SA) in sheep was evaluated following intravenous (IV) and oral administration of sodium salicylate (sodium salt of salicylic acid) at different doses. Six healthy sheep were administered sodium salicylate (SS) IV at doses of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight and another six sheep were drenched with 100 and 200 mg/kg of SS orally. Both studies were randomised crossover trials. A one-week washout period between each treatment was allowed in both studies. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after IV and oral SS administrations. Plasma SA concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection method. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated in a non-compartmental model. The elimination half-life (T1/2 el) of SA after IV administration of 200 mg/kg SS was 1.16 ± 0.32 h. Mean bioavailability of SA was 64%, and mean T1/2 el was 1.90 ± 0.35 h, after 200 mg/kg of oral SS. The minimum plasma SA concentration (16.8 µg/mL) reported to produce analgesia in humans was achieved after IV administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg SS in sheep for about 0.17 h in this study. Experiments on pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamics modelling are required to determine the actual effective plasma concentration range of SA in sheep.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Salicylic Acid Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Sodium Salicylate in Sheep

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashwati Mathurkar ◽  
Preet Singh ◽  
Kavitha Kongara ◽  
Paul Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sodium Salicylate ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Array Detection ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration ◽  
Effective Plasma Concentration ◽  
Different Doses

The pharmacokinetics of salicylic acid (SA) in sheep was evaluated following intravenous (IV) and oral administration of sodium salicylate (sodium salt of salicylic acid) at different doses. Six healthy sheep were administered sodium salicylate (SS) IV at doses of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight and another six sheep were drenched with 100 and 200 mg/kg of SS orally. Both studies were randomised crossover trials. A one-week washout period between each treatment was allowed in both studies. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after IV and oral SS administrations. Plasma SA concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection method. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated in a non-compartmental model. The elimination half-life (T1/2 el) of SA after IV administration of 200 mg/kg SS was 1.16 ± 0.32 hours. Mean bioavailability of SA was 64%, and mean T1/2 el was 1.90 ± 0.35 hours, after 200 mg/kg of oral SS. The minimum plasma SA concentration (16.8 µg/mL) required to produce analgesia in humans was achieved after IV administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg SS in sheep for about 0.17 hour in this study. Experiments on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics modelling are required to determine the actual effective plasma concentration range of SA in sheep.

scholarly journals Tissue Residues and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Tiamulin Against Mycoplasma anatis in Ducks

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara T. Elazab ◽  
Nahla S. Elshater ◽  
Yousreya H. Hashem ◽  
Seung-Chun Park ◽  
Walter H. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Modeling ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Edible Tissues ◽  
Different Doses

The pharmacokinetics of tiamulin were studied in 2 groups of ducks (n = 6) after its oral administration at 2 different doses (30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively). Plasma concentrations of tiamulin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography at different time points up to 24 h post-administration. The maximum plasma concentrations were 0.77 and 2.32 μg/mL attained at 2 h (Tmax) for 30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively. The elimination half-lives for these 2 doses were 3.54 and 6.34 h, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for tiamulin against Mycoplasma anatis (M. anatis) strain 1340 was determined to be 0.06 μg/mL. The proper oral dose of tiamulin against M. anatis in ducks was calculated to be 35 mg/kg/day using the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling. Tiamulin was administered orally (40 mg/kg/day) to 30 ducks for 3 successive days to determine its residues in edible tissues and its preslaughter withdrawal time. The highest tiamulin residues were detected in the liver, followed by the muscle, whereas lower concentrations were detected in the skin and fat. The estimated withdrawal periods of tiamulin were 6, 5, 3, and 3 days for liver, muscle, skin, and fat, respectively. Therefore, an oral dosage regimen of 35 mg/kg/day should be adequate for tiamulin against M. anatis. We recommend a preslaughter withdrawal period of 6 days when ducks are treated with 40 mg tiamulin/kg/day, orally, for 3 days.

Pharmacokinetics of Marbofloxacin Following Oral Administration in Piperine, Quercetin Alone and Both in Combination Pretreated Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.B. Patel ◽  
U.D. Patel ◽  
C.M. Modi ◽  
V.C. Ladumor ◽  
C.N. Makwana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Single Oral Administration ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Combined Pretreatment ◽  
Apparent Volume Of Distribution

Background: Various antibacterial drugs are substrates for drug metabolizing enzymes. They suffer from reduced bioavailability after oral administration in chickens. Herbal bio-enhancers increased the absorption of co-administered drugs. Hence, present study was planned to explore the bio-enhancing effect of piperine and quercetin pretreatment on pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after oral administration in broiler chickens.Methods: The pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin was investigated following single dose (5 mg/kg) oral administration in piperine, quercetin alone and both in combination pretreated (10 mg/kg each, oral, 3 days) broiler chickens. The concentrations of marbofloxacin in plasma samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography.Result: Following single oral administration of marbofloxacin, elimination half-lives (t1/2β) were 6.23 ± 1.01, 5.69 ± 0.39 and 7.71 ± 0.59 h in piperine, quercetin and both in combination pretreated chickens, respectively. The elimination half-life (t1/2β), apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)/F) and mean residence time (MRT) were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in combination pretreated chickens as compared to piperine and quercetin alone groups. Piperine and quercetin combined pretreatment has improved the pharmacokinetics profile of marbofloxacin after oral administration in broiler chickens. Findings of the study are expedient for the development of protocol for use of bio-enhancers with antibiotics in broiler chickens.

BIODYNAMICS OF 1.2α-METHYLENE-6-CHLORO-PREGNA-4,6-DIEN-17α-OL-3,20-DIONE (CYPROTERONE) IN MAN FOLLOWING ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gerhards ◽  
H. Röpke ◽  
P. E. Schulze ◽  
H. Hitze
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Analogue Computer ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Deep Compartment ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

ABSTRACT The metabolism and pharmacokinetics (biodynamics) of 1,2α-methylene-[14C]-6-chloro-pregna-4,6-dien-17α-ol-3,20-dione (Cyproterone; Cy) have been investigated in man following intravenous and oral administration. The principal metabolite in the plasma following the intravenous and oral administration is 1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-pregna-4,6-diene-17α,20α-diol-3-one (20α-OH-Cy). After a single oral dose of 100 mg Cy, the concentration of unchanged free Cy during the first 24 hours is about 1 μg/100 ml plasma. Of 100 mg Cy administered p. o., only about 40% was absorbed, 60% being eliminated in the faeces. In the urine, 20α-OH-Cy and 1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-androst-4,6-diene-3,17-dione(17-keto-Cy) were isolated and identified as the principal metabolites. About 60% of the radioactivity in the urine, following oral and intravenous administration of [14C]-Cy, is present in the form of watersoluble compounds (conjugates) which cannot be decomposed either with enzymes (β-glucuronidase, sulphatase) or by means of cold or hot acid hydrolysis. Decomposition by solvolysis with perchloric acid in ethyl acetate, however, is quantitative. On the basis of simulation performed with an analogue computer, the elimination half-life of the deep compartments following intravenous or oral administration of Cy would be between 3 and 5 days, on the basis of 14C-activity. 'Oral administration' of 100 mg Cy daily, as simulated on the analogue computer, is cumulative; an equilibrium in the deep compartment being reached only after about 28 days and that in the blood after about 14 days.

scholarly journals Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin in Healthy and Renal Damaged Muscovy Ducks following Intravenous and Oral Administration

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Aboubakr ◽  
Ahmed Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Mean Residence Time ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Total Clearance ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Muscovy Ducks ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

The pharmacokinetics aspects of levofloxacin were studied in healthy and experimentally renal damaged Muscovy ducks after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) dose of 10 mg kg−1 bwt. Following IV administration, elimination half-life (t1/2(β)) and mean residence time (MRT) were longer in renal damaged ducks than in healthy ones. Total clearance(Cltot)in renal damaged ducks (0.20 L kg−1 h−1) was significantly lower as compared to that in healthy ones (0.41 L kg−1 h−1). Following PO administration, the peak serum concentration(Cmax)was higher in renal damaged than in healthy ducks and was achieved at maximum time(tmax)of 2.47 and 2.05 h, respectively. The drug was eliminated (t1/2(el)) at a significant slower rate (3.94 h) in renal damaged than in healthy ducks (2.89 h). The pharmacokinetic profile of levofloxacin is altered in renal damaged ducks due to the increased serum levofloxacin concentrations compared with that in clinically healthy ducks. Oral administration of levofloxacin at 10 mg kg−1 bwt may be highly efficacious against susceptible bacteria in ducks. Also, the dose of levofloxacin should be reduced in renal damaged ducks. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration revealed significantly higher values forCmax/MIC and AUC/MIC ratios in renal damaged ducks than in healthy ones, indicating the excellent pharmacokinetic characteristics of levofloxacin in renal damaged ducks.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of 1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)uracil in woodchucks.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2184-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Witcher ◽  
F D Boudinot ◽  
B H Baldwin ◽  
M A Ascenzi ◽  
B C Tennant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Terminal Phase ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

1-(2-Fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)uracil (L-FMAU) is a nucleoside analog with potent in vitro activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Epstein-Barr virus. The purpose of this study was to characterize the disposition of L-FMAU following oral and intravenous administration in the woodchuck animal model. The numerous similarities between woodchuck hepatitis virus and HBV infection justify the use of the woodchuck as an animal model for preclinical studies of anti-HBV agents in vivo. Woodchucks were given 25 mg of L-FMAU per kg of body weight intravenously and orally. Concentrations of L-FMAU in urine and plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Following intravenous administration of 25 mg of L-FMAU per kg to woodchucks, total clearance was moderate, averaging 0.23 +/- 0.07 liter/h/kg. Renal clearance and nonrenal clearance averaged 0.13 +/- 0.08 and 0.10 +/- 0.06 liter/h/kg, respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution averaged 0.99 +/- 0.17 liter/kg, indicative of intracellular distribution of the nucleoside. The terminal-phase half-life of L-FMAU following intravenous administration averaged 6.2 +/- 2.0 h, and mean residence time averaged 4.5 +/- 0.8 h. Absorption of L-FMAU after oral administration was incomplete, and bioavailability was approximately 20%. Concentrations of L-FMAU in plasma remained above the in vitro 50% effective concentration of 0.026 microg/ml for HBV (C. K. Chu, T. Ma, K. Shanmuganathan, C. Wang, Y. Xiang, S. B. Pai, G.-Q. Yao, J.-P. Sommadossi, and Y.-C. Cheng, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:979-981, 1995) for 24 h after both intravenous and oral administration of 25 mg of L-FMAU per kg.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics and skin concentrations of lincomycin after intravenous and oral administration to cats

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela A. Albarellos ◽  
Laura Montoya ◽  
Graciela A.A. Denamiel ◽  
Sabrina M. Passini ◽  
María F. Landoni
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

The aim of the present study was to describe the plasma pharmacokinetic profile and skin concentrations of lincomycin after intravenous administration of a 15% solution and oral administration of 300 mg tablets at a dosing rate of 15 mg/kg to cats. Susceptibility of staphylococci (n = 31) and streptococci (n = 23) strains isolated from clinical cases was also determined. Lincomycin plasma and skin concentrations were determined by microbiological assay using Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341 as test microorganism. Susceptibility was established by the antimicrobial disc diffusion test. Individual lincomycin plasma concentration–time curves were analysed by a non-compartmental approach. After intravenous administration, volume of distribution, body clearance and elimination half-life were 0.97 L/kg ± 0.15 L/kg, 0.17 L/kg ± 0.06 L/h.kg and 4.20 h ± 1.12 h, respectively. After oral administration, peak plasma concentration, time of maximum plasma concentration and bioavailability were 22.52 µg/mL ± 10.97 µg/mL, 0.80 h ± 0.11 h and 81.78% ± 24.05%, respectively. Two hours after lincomycin administration, skin concentrations were 17.26 µg/mL ± 1.32 µg/mL (intravenous) and 16.58 µg/mL ± 0.90 µg/mL (oral). The corresponding skin: plasma ratios were 2.08 ± 0.47 (intravenous) and 1.84 ± 0.97 (oral). The majority of staphylococci and streptococci tested in this study were susceptible to lincosamides (87.09% and 69.56%, respectively). In conclusion, lincomycin administered orally at the assayed dose showed a good pharmacokinetic profile, with a long elimination half-life and effective skin concentration. Therefore, it could be a good first option for treating skin infections in cats.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Prednisolone in Alpacas

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Videla ◽  
Carla Sommardahl ◽  
Joe Smith ◽  
Deanna M. W. Schaefer ◽  
Sherry Cox
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone following intravenous and oral administration in healthy adult alpacas. Healthy adult alpacas were given prednisolone (IV, n = 4), as well as orally (PO, n = 6). Prednisolone was administered IV once (1 mg/kg). Oral administration was once daily for 5 days (2 mg/kg). Each treatment was separated by a minimum 4 month washout period. Samples were collected at 0 (pre-administration), 0.083, 0.167, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after IV administration, and at 0 (pre-administration), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 after the first and 5th PO administration. Samples were also taken for serial complete blood count and biochemistry analysis. Prednisolone concentration was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were then determined. After IV administration clearance was 347 mL/kg/hr, elimination half-life was 2.98 h, and area under the curve was 2,940 h*ng/mL. After initial and fifth oral administration elimination half-life was 5.27 and 5.39 h; maximum concentration was 74 and 68 ng/mL; time to maximum concentration was 2.67 and 2.33 h; and area under the curve was 713 and 660 hr*ng/mL. Oral bioavailability was determined to be 13.7%. Packed cell volume, hemoglobin, and red blood cell counts were significantly decreased 5 days after the first PO administration, and serum glucose was significantly elevated 5 days after the first PO administration. In conclusion, serum concentrations of prednisolone after IV and PO administration appear to be similar to other veterinary species. Future research will be needed to determine the pharmacodynamics of prednisolone in alpacas.

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