scholarly journals Could the Visual Differential Attention Be a Referential Gesture? A Study on Horses (Equus caballus) on the Impossible Task Paradigm

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Alterisio ◽  
Paolo Baragli ◽  
Massimo Aria ◽  
Biagio D’Aniello ◽  
Anna Scandurra
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
Expectancy Violation ◽  
The People ◽  
Tactile Interaction ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Impossible Task ◽  
Differential Attention

In order to explore the decision-making processes of horses, we designed an impossible task paradigm aimed at causing an expectancy violation in horses. Our goals were to verify whether this paradigm is effective in horses by analyzing their motivation in trying to solve the task and the mode of the potential helping request in such a context. In the first experiment, 30 horses were subjected to three consecutive conditions: no food condition where two persons were positioned at either side of a table in front of the stall, solvable condition when a researcher placed a reachable reward on the table, and the impossible condition when the food was placed farther away and was unreachable by the horse. Eighteen horses were used in the second experiment with similar solvable and impossible conditions but in the absence of people. We measured the direction of the horse’s ear cup as an indicator of its visual attention in terms of visual selective attention (VSA) when both ears were directed at the same target and the visual differential attention (VDA) when the ears were directed differentially to the persons and to the table. We also included tactile interaction toward table and people, the olfactory exploration of the table, and the frustration behaviors in the ethogram. In the first experiment, the VDA was the most frequent behavior following the expectancy violation. In the second experiment, horses showed the VDA behavior mostly when people and the unreachable resource were present at the same time. We speculate that the VDA could be a referential gesture aimed to link the solution of the task to the people, as a request for help.

scholarly journals Neuronal modulation in the mouse superior colliculus during covert visual selective attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lupeng Wang ◽  
James P. Herman ◽  
Richard J. Krauzlis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Uncued Location ◽  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
Covert Visual Attention

AbstractCovert visual attention is accomplished by a cascade of mechanisms distributed across multiple brain regions. Recent studies in primates suggest a parcellation in which visual cortex is associated with enhanced representations of relevant stimuli, whereas subcortical circuits are associated with selection of visual targets and suppression of distractors. Here we identified how neuronal activity in the superior colliculus (SC) of head-fixed mice is modulated during covert visual attention. We found that spatial cues modulated both firing rate and spike-count correlations, and that the cue-related modulation in firing rate was due to enhancement of activity at the cued spatial location rather than suppression at the uncued location. This modulation improved the neuronal discriminability of visual-change-evoked activity between contralateral and ipsilateral SC neurons. Together, our findings indicate that neurons in the mouse SC contribute to covert visual selective attention by biasing processing in favor of locations expected to contain relevant information.

scholarly journals Under Familiar Fire: Making Decisions during the “Kivu Crisis” 2008 in Goma, DR Congo

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Oldenburg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Short History ◽  
Dr Congo ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This paper explores the decision-making processes used by the inhabitants of Goma during the Kivu Crisis in October 2008. The paper's aim is twofold: After providing a short history of the October 2008 events, it seeks in the empirical part to distinguish and clarify the role of rumours and narratives in the setting of violent conflict as well as to analyse their impact on decision-making processes. As the epistemological interest lies more on the people who stay rather than those who flee, in the second part the paper argues that the practice of routinization indicates a conscious tactic whose purpose is to counter the non-declared state of exception in Goma. Routinization is defined as a means of establishing order in everyday life by referring to narratives based on lived experiences.

Territorial Changes to Municipalities and Inter-Municipal Cooperation: A Comparative Overview and Orientations for Slovenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iztok Rakar ◽  
Bojan Tičar ◽  
Maja Klun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Public Decision

Local self-government has faced a number of challenges over the past decade. The financial crisis has revealed new dimensions of the eternal question of financing self-governing local communities, while distrust and a lack of interest in participation in local democracy among the people have led to considerations of different approaches to public decision-making concerning local issues. A comparative overview shows that the question of the “perfect size” of municipalities is currently very relevant and aimed at finding dimensions that would enable the municipality to ensure both local-level democracy and identity and economic efficiency in the delivery of public services. The most popular tool for achieving this goal is the merger of municipalities, although other approaches also exist, including various forms of inter-municipal cooperation. Some forms of inter-municipal cooperation have already taken firm hold in Slovenia, although the question of the potential impacts of alternative forms of inter-municipal cooperation on the democratic legitimacy of decision-making processes and the potential of these processes for the developmental breakthrough of Slovenian municipalities has yet to receive adequate attention.

scholarly journals A Study on factors influencing Consumers Behavior while availing Hospitality services

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Dr.Meenakshi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Consumer Awareness ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The People ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Area Unit

Consumer behavior (CB) involves acts, attitudes, ideas or experiences that fulfill the patron's wishes and expectations (Solomon, 1996). This involves all activities that are directly involved in the acquisition, use and disposal of products and services, including the preceding and related decision-making processes. ' (Engel, Blackwell, & Miniard, 1995). When hospitality services are found and used, certain factors influence the decision-making process. The paper is predicated on a close review of studies coping with the hospitality business, for this purpose numerous analysis papers, websites and books area unit consulted for a close literature review and also the vital gaps area unit determined within the studies on the idea of that the researcher is developed the analysis downside, made hypothesis and chalked out an appropriate analysis, sampling style and hypothesis. Delhi is taken as sampling of analysis and every one the people higher than fifteen years aged were taken because the population of analysis. Sample size was calculated statistically and was more divided in 2 elements as a result of study is administrated on the idea of gender. The sampling was done proportionately from all the zones of Delhi. Data was taken from primary in addition as secondary sources. Paper analyzes consumer awareness of the hospitality industry's Marketing mix policies. Study can so assist the welcome business to draw and customize their policies. The present analysis is administrated from the view of the buyer.

scholarly journals The olivocochlear reflex strength in awake chinchillas is relevant for behavioural performance during visual selective attention with auditory distractors

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Macarena Bowen ◽  
Gonzalo Terreros ◽  
Felipe N. Moreno-Gómez ◽  
Macarena Ipinza ◽  
Sergio Vicencio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Distortion Product ◽  
Band Noise ◽  
Behavioural Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Auditory Distractors

Abstract The auditory efferent system comprises descending projections from the cerebral cortex to subcortical nuclei, reaching the cochlear receptor through olivocochlear fibres. One of the functions attributed to this corticofugal system is to suppress irrelevant sounds during selective attention to visual stimuli. Medial olivocochlear neurons can also be activated by sounds through a brainstem reflex circuit. Whether the individual variability of this reflex is related to the cognitive capacity to suppress auditory stimuli is still controversial. Here we propose that the individual strength per animal of the olivocochlear reflex is correlated with the ability to suppress auditory distractors during visual attention in awake chinchillas. The olivocochlear reflex was elicited with a contralateral broad-band noise at ~ 60 dB and ipsilateral distortion product otoacoustic emissions were obtained at different frequencies (1–8 kHz). Fourteen chinchillas were evaluated in a behavioural protocol of visual attention with broad-band noise and chinchilla vocalizations as auditory distractors. Results show that the behavioural performance was affected by both distractors and that the magnitudes of the olivocochlear reflex evaluated at multiple frequencies were relevant for behavioural performance during visual discrimination with auditory distractors. These results stress the ecological relevance of the olivocochlear system for suppressing natural distractors.

scholarly journals Decision making on family level in having treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Deviarbi Sakke Tira
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Capital City ◽  
City Center ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
The City

The purpose of this study was to find out how decisions were made at the family level in order to seek treatment for family members, especially mothers during childbirth. The population in this study were community members who resided in Ngada, Southwest Sumba, North Central Timor and East Flores- Indonesia. The sample size was determined using a purposive technique, where each district was determined by two locations based on the distance factor (the farthest area and the nearest area) from the capital city of the district. Data were collected using in-depth interview techniques and Focused Group Discussions (FGD) to explore family-level decision-making processes regarding the use of health facilities. The results of this study indicate that decisions at the family level to use health facilities in areas far from the city center tend to still adhere to local traditions and local culture; and it should be based on relatives' advice; while the people who live close to the city center, the decision to use health facilities is generally in the hands of the mother and husband.

Determinants of Visual Attention in Real-World Scenes

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc S. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Real World ◽  
Motion Pictures ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
The Real ◽  
Moving Stimuli ◽  
Animated Cartoon

The present study examined the saliency of size, movement, and human content variables in visual selective attention. Ss named stimuli present in motion pictures of real world scenes or in animated cartoon controls during a 15-sec. exposure period. Regardless of the type of presentation that they saw, Ss tended to name large and/or moving stimuli more often than small and/or nonmoving stimuli. Also, small human stimuli were named more frequently than small nonhuman stimuli, while there were no differences between the frequencies with which large human and nonhuman stimuli were named. The order in which Ss named stimuli was not related to either the size, movement, or human content variables. Results are discussed in terms of the generalizability of the results of previous studies to conditions simulating the real world.

scholarly journals Driving Through the East

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Elyjana Roach
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Assumptions ◽  
Landscape Architect ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
The People ◽  
The Future ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This intervention asks how the people of Porirua can feel empowered and included in the decision-making processes that will shape the future of their city. I draw on my experiences as a life-long resident, activist, artist, architect, landscape architect, and urban designer in Porirua to find answers. I have found that young Pasifika are very concerned about whether their cultural values will be represented in housing and development in Porirua. This speaks to an issue facing the country as whole: while the Pasifika population continues to grow in size and importance in Aotearoa New Zealand, they are subject to flawed cultural assumptions, and are frequently overlooked or misunderstood in decision-making processes that will have profound impacts upon their future. There is room for more talanoa between Pasifika in Aotearoa New Zealand, and between Pasifika and the wider population. It is only when architects and planners expand their cultural kete that they will provide suitable housing and neighbourhoods for Pasifika.

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Kategori Rumah Tidak Layak Huni Di Kelurahan Majidi Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur Dengan Metode Simple Additive Weighting (Saw)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Marwan Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information System ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Data Manipulation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting

Decision Support System (DSS) is an interactive information system that provides information, modeling, and data manipulation. This system is used to assist in decision-making processes in semi-structured situations of unstructured situations, in which no one knows uncertainly how decisions should be made. Application of Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Method with the final result shown in the ranking of the weighting process based on the criteria and sub criteria. Habitable home category can be directly seen from the value and ranking so that it can be determined whether or not the people get help, whether in the form of home renovation or home surgery. With this application is expected all problems to the determination of the category of  for the poor wrong target will be solved and no more people complain about this, and for the government is expected to convey the mandate that is correct and no errors.

scholarly journals Neuromarketing and its implications for operations management: an experiment with two brands of beer

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Henrique Caldeira de Oliveira ◽  
Janaina de Moura Engracia Giraldi
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Neuromarketing and neurophysiology of consumer behavior and sensory experiences are growing in research results and importance to the operations activities due to the possibility of designing products and processes that are more suitable to the consumers’ needs. In addition, there is a wide range of applications on the shop floor, such as safety design, man-machine design and other applications related with cognitive processing and its impact on human behavior. This article discusses the impact of advertising of recognized brands on the visual selective attention of young adults in the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The discussion considered the model of dual cognitive processing, in which prolonged effects of exposure to brands with strong positive associations would result in increased selective attention and commitment to strong brands. An experiment with two brands of beer using an eye-tracking equipment to identify the patterns of visual attention was carried out. The results showed that there are considerable differences in young adults for visual attention, with greater attention to strong brands. The study may help to develop more effective marketing campaigns and products, providing the consumers a better experience. Furthermore, it also allows for a better comprehension on attention at the workplace, providing important insights in several areas of production, such as work safety, repetitive processes, equipment handling among others.

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