scholarly journals Preliminary Examination of the Biological and Industry Constraints on the Structure and Pattern of Thoroughbred Racing in New Zealand over Thirteen Seasons: 2005/06–2017/18

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2807
Author(s):  
Kylie A. Legg ◽  
Erica K. Gee ◽  
Darryl J. Cochrane ◽  
Chris W. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Preliminary Examination ◽  
Thoroughbred Racing ◽  
Key Industry

This study aimed to examine thirteen seasons of flat racing starts (n = 388,964) in the context of an ecological system and identify metrics that describe the inherent characteristics and constraints of the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. During the thirteen years examined, there was a 2–3% per year reduction in the number of races, starts and number of horses. There was a significant shift in the racing population with a greater number of fillies (aged 2–4 years) having a race start, and subsequent longer racing careers due to the inclusion of one more racing preparation post 2008 (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was an increasingly ageing population of racehorses. These changes resulted in more race starts in a career, but possibly because of biological constraints, there was no change in the number of race starts per season, starts per preparation, or days spelling between preparations (p < 0.05). There was no change in the proportion of horses having just one race start (14% of new entrants), indicating that the screening for suitability for a racing career remained consistent. These data identify key industry parameters which provide a basis for future modelling of intervention strategies to improve economic performance and reduce horse injury. Consideration of the racing industry as a bio-economic or ecological model provides framework to test how the industry may respond to intervention strategies and signal where changes in system dynamics may alter existing risk factors for injury.

scholarly journals Factors associated with staff-to-resident abuse in Norwegian nursing homes: a cross-sectional exploratory study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Botngård ◽  
Arne Henning Eide ◽  
Laura Mosqueda ◽  
Lene Blekken ◽  
Wenche Malmedal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Psychological Abuse ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Background Elder abuse is a public health problem that is gaining attention due to its serious impacts on people’s health and well-being, and it is predicted to increase along with the world’s rapidly ageing population. Staff-to-resident abuse in nursing homes is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon associated with multiple factors on different levels of the ecological model. This study aimed to explore individual, relational, and institutional characteristics associated with perpetrated staff-to-resident abuse in nursing homes, using a multilevel hierarchical approach. Methods This was a cross-sectional exploratory study of 3693 nursing staff (response rate 60.1%) in 100 randomly selected nursing homes in Norway. We explored the characteristics of nursing staff, their relationship with residents, and institutional features associated with three types of abuse: psychological abuse, physical abuse, and neglect. These were modelled using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analyses. Results Individual staff factors found to be associated with all three types of abuse were 1) being a registered nurse/social educator (OR 1.77–2.49) or licensed practical nurse (OR 1.64–1.92), 2) reporting symptoms of psychological distress (OR 1.44–1.46), 3) intention to leave the job (OR 1.35–1.40), and 4) reporting poor attitudes towards people with dementia (OR 1.02–1.15). Also, staff who reported poorer quality of childhood were more likely to perpetrate neglect (OR 1.14). Relational factors such as care-related conflicts (OR 1.97–2.33) and resident aggression (OR 1.36–2.09) were associated with all three types of abuse. Of institutional factors, lack of support from a manager was associated with perpetrating psychological abuse (OR 1.56). Conclusions We found several predictors of staff-to-resident abuse on different levels of the ecological model, which underlines the importance of using a multifaceted approach to identify risk factors of elder abuse in nursing homes. However, future studies should explore the underlying mechanism and causes with a prospective or qualitative design and target the multifaceted nature of risk factors when designing preventive interventions.

Characteristics of Female Youth Offenders in New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Lim ◽  
Ian Lambie ◽  
Annik van Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
School Behavior ◽  
Youth Offenders ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
Nonviolent Offenders ◽  
Mental Health Difficulties

Female youth offending is poorly understood, despite increased rates of such offending. Research indicates there are a range of factors that have a causal impact on the development of offending in young people. This study investigated risk factors using a retrospective file audit of 184 female youth offenders in New Zealand. The findings were classified using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, which highlights the different contextual levels that influence behavior, including individual, family, peer, school, community, and cultural factors. The results indicate that there are significant risk factors for female youth offenders. There were high rates of mental health difficulties, drug use, histories of maltreatment, family stressors, peer issues, and school behavior problems in the cohort. There was very little difference between violent and nonviolent offenders. All the young women had risk factors affecting them at many levels. Targeted, multisystemic intervention and prevention programs are therefore needed to address female youth offending.

scholarly journals Risk-Factors for Soft-Tissue Injuries, Lacerations and Fractures During Racing in Greyhounds in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Palmer ◽  
Chris W. Rogers ◽  
Kevin J. Stafford ◽  
Arnon Gal ◽  
Charlotte F. Bolwell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Soft Tissue Injury ◽  
Soft Tissue Injuries ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Tissue Injuries

Recognition of injuries in racing animals is essential to identify potential risk factors so actions can be taken to reduce or mitigate the cause of the injury to safeguard the animal. Racing greyhounds are subject to musculoskeletal injuries associated with athletic pursuit, in particular soft-tissue injuries, lacerations, and fractures. The objective of this study was therefore to determine risk factors for soft-tissue injuries, lacerations and fractures occurring during racing, using a cohort of greyhounds racing in New Zealand between 10th September 2014 and 31st July 2020. Dog-level, race-level and track-level risk factors for each outcome were assessed using mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression including trainer as a random effect. Throughout the study period there were 218,700 race starts by 4,914 greyhounds, with a total of 4,385 injuries. Of these, 3,067 (69.94%) were classed as soft-tissue injuries, 641 (14.62%) were reported as lacerations, and 458 (10.44%) were fractures. Greyhounds with a low racing frequency (racing more than 7 days apart) had 1.33 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–1.67] times the odds of fracture compared to those racing more frequently. Older greyhounds had a greater odds of fracture compared with younger greyhounds. Racing every 7 days had a lower odds of soft-tissue injury compared with racing more than once a week. Dogs over 39 months had 1.53 (95% CI: 1.35–1.73) times the odds of sustaining a soft-tissue injury compared to the younger dogs. Greyhounds originating from Australia had a higher odds of fracture and laceration compared with New Zealand dogs. Better performing dogs (higher class) had a greater odds of fracture and laceration whilst maiden dogs had a higher odds of soft-tissue injury. Greyhounds starting from the outside box had a higher odds of fracture. There was considerable variation in the odds of soft-tissue injury at different racetracks. In conclusion, although the incidence of soft-tissue injuries was higher than other injury types, the repercussion of such injuries was less than those for fractures. The results from this study will help to inform intervention strategies aimed at reducing the rate of injuries in racing greyhounds, enhancing racing safety and greyhound welfare.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Leptospira in Racehorses and Broodmares in New Zealand

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1952
Author(s):  
Charlotte F. Bolwell ◽  
Chris W. Rogers ◽  
Jackie Benschop ◽  
Julie M. Collins-Emerson ◽  
Brooke Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Thoroughbred Racing

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira in a cohort of horses and to evaluate potential risk factors for Leptospira seropositivity in horses in New Zealand. The convenience sample included 499 Thoroughbred racing and breeding horses from 25 commercial properties in North Island, New Zealand. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic data on horses and property-level information on grazing and management practices, pest (rodent) management, access to natural waterways, other livestock on the property, and possible contact with wildlife. The microscopic agglutination test was used to test sera for serovars Ballum, Copenhageni, Hardjo (bovis), Pomona, and Tarassovi. Logistic regression was used to investigate the risk factors for Leptospira seropositivity to at least one serovar and for each serovar individually. A total of 124 (25%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 21–29%) horses had positive titres to any one of the five serovars. The seroprevalence of Ballum, Copenhageni, Hardjo (bovis), Pomona, and Tarassovi was 5% (95% CI 3–7%), 9% (95% CI 7–12%), 6% (95% CI 4–8%), 6% (95% CI 4–8%), and 6% (95% CI 4–8%), respectively. Broodmares, compared to racehorses and alternately grazing horses with sheep, increased the odds of exposure to any one serovar, whilst grazing the same time as sheep and alternately grazing horses with cattle increased the odds of exposure to Ballum and Hardjo (bovis), respectively. Historical exposure to Leptospira in racing and breeding horses was identified, and risk factors were consistent with pasture-based exposure.

scholarly journals A scoping review of female drowning: an underexplored issue in five high-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kym Roberts ◽  
Ogilvie Thom ◽  
Susan Devine ◽  
Peter A. Leggat ◽  
Amy E. Peden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
High Income ◽  
Public Health Issue

Abstract Background Drowning is a significant public health issue, with females accounting for one third of global drowning deaths. The rate of female drowning has not decreased within high-income countries and presentations to hospital have increased. This scoping review aimed to explore adult female unintentional drowning, including risk factors, clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. Methods A systematic search of the literature following the PRISMA-ScR framework was undertaken. The databases OVID MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, OVID Emcare, Web of Science, Informit and Scopus were accessed. Study locations of focus were Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Studies from January 2003 to April 2019 were included. The quality of evidence of included studies was assessed using GRADE guidelines. Results The final search results included 14 studies from Australia (n = 4), Canada (n = 1), New Zealand (n = 1), United States (n = 6), United Kingdom (n = 1), and one study reporting data from both Australia and United States. Nine studies reported risk factors for female drowning including age, with the proportion of female drowning incidence increasing with age. Although females are now engaging in risk-taking behaviours associated with drowning that are similar to males, such as consuming alcohol and swimming in unsafe locations, their exposure to risky situations and ways they assess risk, differ. Females are more likely to drown from accidental entry into water, such as in a vehicle during a flood or fall into water. This review found no evidence on the clinical treatment provided to females in hospital after a drowning incident, and only a small number of studies reported the clinical outcomes of females, with inconsistent results (some studies reported better and some no difference in clinical outcomes among females). Conclusion Adult females are a group vulnerable to drowning, that have lacked attention. There was no single study found which focused solely on female drowning. There is a need for further research to explore female risk factors, the clinical treatment and outcomes of females hospitalised for drowning. This will not only save the lives of females, but also contribute to an overall reduction in drowning.

scholarly journals What can we learn from offspring studies in bipolar disorder?

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Loftus ◽  
Bruno Etain ◽  
Jan Scott
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Methodological Approaches

SummaryWe offer a contemporary review of studies of the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder and explore the clinical characteristics of these populations. We discuss how different methodological approaches may influence study findings and may explain some of the heterogeneity in the results reported. We also highlight some of the environmental risk factors that may increase the likelihood of transition from an ‘at-risk’ or high-risk state to bipolar disorder. Last, we briefly discuss the implications of study findings for early intervention strategies and comment on such issues as genetic counselling and primary and early secondary prevention programmes.

scholarly journals Trends in Fontan surgery and risk factors for early adverse outcomes after Fontan surgery: The Australia and New Zealand Fontan Registry experience

2014 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 566-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay J. Iyengar ◽  
David S. Winlaw ◽  
John C. Galati ◽  
David S. Celermajer ◽  
Gavin R. Wheaton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Fontan Surgery

scholarly journals 374 Risk factors of poisoning: findings from the New Zealand Blood Donors’ Health Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. A137.2-A137
Author(s):  
Roshini Peiris-John ◽  
Papaarangi Reid ◽  
Arier Lee ◽  
Shanthi Ameratunga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Health Study
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