scholarly journals Early Life Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neonatal Dairy Calves Promotes Growth Performance and Alleviates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress during Weaning

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2704
Author(s):  
Fernanda Rosa ◽  
Tainara Cristina Michelotti ◽  
Benoit St-Pierre ◽  
Erminio Trevisi ◽  
Johan S. Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Community Analysis ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
And Performance

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of early life fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the health and performance of neonatal dairy calves. The donor was selected based on health and production records and fecal material testing negative for infectious pathogens. Sixteen healthy newborn Holstein calves were randomized to either a baseline nutritional program (CON) or 1×/d inoculations with 25 g of fecal donor material (FMT) mixed in the milk replacer (n = 8/TRT) from 8 to 12 days of age. Blood and fecal samples were collected weekly, and calves were weaned at 7 weeks of age. A TRT × Week interaction was observed in haptoglobin, which was reflected in a positive quadratic effect in FMT calves but not in CON. A trend for a TRT × Week interaction was observed in the liver function biomarker paraoxonase, which resulted in greater paraoxonase in FMT calves than CON at three weeks of age. Fecal microbial community analysis revealed a significant increase in the alpha-diversity between week 1 and week 5 for the FMT calves. These results suggest that early life FMT in neonatal calves has positive effects in mediating the inflammatory response and gut microbial maturation.

scholarly journals Fecal microbiota transplantation increases colonic IL-25 and dampens tissue inflammation in patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning-Jiun Jan ◽  
Noah Oakland ◽  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Girija Ramakrishnan ◽  
Brian W. Behm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
The Impact

Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the most common hospital-acquired infection in the United States. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis is the primary cause of susceptibility and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as an effective therapy for recurrence. We previously demonstrated in the mouse model of CDI that antibiotic-induced dysbiosis reduced colonic expression of IL-25, and that FMT protected in part by restoring gut commensal bacteria-mediated IL-25 signaling. Here we conducted a prospective clinical trial to test the impact of FMT on immunity, specifically testing in humans if FMT induced IL-25 expression in the colon. Methods: Subjects received colonic biopsies and blood sampling at the time of FMT and 60-days later. Colon biopsies were assayed for IL-25 by immunoassay, for mRNA by RNAseq, and for bacterial content by 16 S rDNA sequencing. High dimensional flow cytometry was also conducted on peripheral blood mononuclear cells pre- and post-FMT. Results: All 10 subjects who received FMT had no CDI recurrences over a 2 year follow-up post FMT. FMT increased alpha diversity of the colonic microbiota and was associated with several immunologic changes. The cytokine IL-25 was increased in colonic tissue. In addition, increased expression of homeostatic genes and repression of inflammatory genes was observed in colonic mRNA transcripts. Finally, circulating Th17 cells were decreased post-FMT. Conclusion: The increase in the cytokine IL-25 accompanied by decreased inflammation is consistent with FMT acting in part to protect from recurrent CDI via restoration of commensal activation of type 2 immunity.

Rhizosphere legacy: amelioration of MicroBioPhysical properties of compacted soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahar S. Razavi ◽  
Nicole Rudolph-Mohr ◽  
Christoph Tebbe
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Microbial Community Analysis ◽  
Hypoxic Stress ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Compacted Soil

<p>Soil compaction is a multi-disciplinary problem in which soil, plant, and air operations play an important role and may have dramatic environmental consequences throughout the world. In compacted soils, the increase in bulk density, and the accompanying decrease in porosity hinders the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases, thereby causing hypoxic stress in plant roots. Hypoxic stress can effects root physiological functions, reduce soil enzyme activity, hence reducing soil fertility. For the first time we applied a unique combination of two imaging techniques, zymography and optodes sensors with molecular microbial community analysis to illuminate the rhizosphere self-regulation for amelioration of microbiophysical properties of compacted soil. To this end maize in compacted and uncompacted soil under control condition for 2 weeks was planted.</p><p>Soil oxygen map and β-glucosidase activity in compacted maize treatment overlaid with the extracted root system demonstrated more than 65% positive correlation between hotspots of enzymatic activity and localities with high oxygen concentration –which were mostly in association with root. Similarly, extend of rhizosphere for oxygen concentration and enzyme activity across the root of compacted soil was 1mm broader than the uncompacted.</p><p>Based on root morphology analysis, compacted maize reduced roots diameter and increased the distribution. Which resulted in 30% higher ratio of rhizosheath mass in compacted than uncompacted soil. Rhizosheath formation changed porosity and aggregation around the root, thus, improved oxygen exchange. Accordingly, bacterial abundance and alpha diversity in hotspots of compacted soils were higher than the one of uncompacted. Thus, microorganisms localized in hotspots (rhizosheath) respond to better aeration, new carbon inputs compared to those inhabiting in the bulk soil. This confirms the distinguished role of rhizosphere-self organization for enzymatic mobilization of nutrients, and point out on the importance of aeration for rhizospheric microbial functionality (such as, enzyme expression for nutrients mining).</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Composition in Mice with CKD

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Christophe Barba ◽  
Christophe O. Soulage ◽  
Gianvito Caggiano ◽  
Griet Glorieux ◽  
Denis Fouque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Uremic Toxins ◽  
Uremic Toxin ◽  
Renal Disorder ◽  
Metabolic Complication ◽  
Noticeable Improvement

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a renal disorder characterized by the accumulation of uremic toxins with limited strategies to reduce their concentrations. A large amount of data supports the pivotal role of intestinal microbiota in CKD complications and as a major source of uremic toxins production. Here, we explored whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could be attenuated in metabolic complication and uremic toxin accumulation in mice with CKD. Methods: Kidney failure was chemically induced by a diet containing 0.25% (w/w) of adenine for four weeks. Mice were randomized into three groups: control, CKD and CKD + FMT groups. After four weeks, CKD mice underwent fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy mice or phosphate buffered saline as control. The gut microbiota structure, uremic toxins plasmatic concentrations, and metabolic profiles were explored three weeks after transplantation. Results: Associated with the increase of alpha diversity, we observed a noticeable improvement of gut microbiota disturbance, after FMT treatment. FMT further decreased p-cresyl sulfate accumulation and improved glucose tolerance. There was no change in kidney function. Conclusions: These data indicate that FMT limited the accumulation of uremic toxins issued from intestinal cresol pathway by a beneficial effect on gut microbiota diversity. Further studies are needed to investigate the FMT efficiency, the timing and feces amount for the transplantation before, to become a therapeutic option in CKD patients.

scholarly journals Early-Life Dam-Calf Contact and Grazing Experience Influence Post-Weaning Behavior and Herbage Selection of Dairy Calves in the Short Term

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Nicolao ◽  
Mauro Coppa ◽  
Matthieu Bouchon ◽  
Enrico Sturaro ◽  
Dominique Pomiès ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Grazing Behavior ◽  
Reciprocal Interactions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Selection Of

Rearing dairy calves with their mothers could teach them how to graze, optimizing grass use, and improving their welfare and performance. We tested the short-term effects of dam-calf contact experience on grazing and social behavior of weaned calves, monitored over seven days for their first post-weaning grazing experience. “Dam” (D) calves were reared and grazed with their mothers until weaning. “Mixed” calves (M) were separated from their mothers after 4 ± 0.5 weeks, they experienced dam-calf contact, but not grazing. “Standard” (S) calves had never experienced either dam-calf contact (separated at birth) or grazing. Each group grazed an equivalent pasture plot offering heterogeneous herbage. Scan sampling of calves' activities was performed every 5 min, 6 h per day, on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7. Daily, the time when calves started grazing after introduction to pasture, and the number and duration of their grazing cycles were measured. Daily activities were differentiated into ingestion, rumination, and idling. The proportion of time that calves spent grouped with other individuals or isolated, and standing or lying were recorded. When grazing, their bites were characterized by botanical family group, height of the selected bite and vegetation status. Individual average daily gains from the 2-week periods before and after grazing were calculated, and were equivalent between groups (313 ± 71 g/d). On Day 0, D-calves started grazing immediately (1 ± 4.1 min), unlike M- and S-calves (39 ± 4.1 and 23 ± 4.1 min), and D-calves grazed patches of dry grass 21.7 times less than M-calves and 16.9 times less than S-calves. Dry herbage patch preference and grazing start time differences disappeared on Day 1. Calves spent the same time ingesting and idling, but M-calves spent on average 1.6 times less ruminating than D- or S-calves. The D-calves showed grazing behavior similar to that of adult cows, selecting grasses throughout pasture utilization, although legumes and forbs were present in the grazed layer. On the contrary, M- and S-calves did not express any specific preference. The S-calves spent more time isolated but had more positive reciprocal interactions than the calves in the other groups.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Implications for Health and Welfare in Farm Animals: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Siyu Chen ◽  
Shuyan Luo ◽  
Chao Yan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Farm Animal ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Farm Animals

In the past few decades, farm animal health and welfare have been paid increasing concern worldwide. Farm animal health and welfare are generally assessed by the measurements of physical health, immune response, behavior, and physiological indicators. The gut microbiota has been reported to have a great influence on host phenotypes, possibly via the immune processes, neural functions, and endocrine pathways, thereby influencing host phenotypes. However, there are few reviews regarding farm animals’ health and welfare status concerning the gut microbiota. In this point of view, (1) we reviewed recent studies showing that gut microbiota (higher alpha diversity, beneficial composition, and positive functions) effectively influenced health characteristics, immunity, behaviors, and stress response in farm animals (such as pigs, chickens, and cows), which would provide a novel approach to measure and evaluate the health status and welfare of farm animals. In addition, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as one of the methods can modulate the recipient individual’s gut microbiota to realize the expected phenotype. Further, (2) we highlighted the application of FMT on the improvement of the production performance, the reduction in disease and abnormal behavior, as well as the attenuation of stress in farm animals. It is concluded that the gut microbiota can be scientifically used to assess and improve the welfare of farm animals. Moreover, FMT may be a helpful strategy to reduce abnormal behavior and improve stress adaption, as well as the treatment of disease for farm animals. This review suggests that gut microbiota is a promising field to evaluate and improve animal welfare.

scholarly journals Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites, and Barrier Function in A Patient with Anorexia Nervosa after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prochazkova ◽  
Roubalova ◽  
Dvorak ◽  
Tlaskalova-Hogenova ◽  
Cermakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Microbial Metabolites ◽  
Gut Barrier ◽  
Gut Barrier Function

The change in the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in a patient suffering from severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (AN) and diagnosed with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome (SIBO) was investigated. Microbial gut dysbiosis is associated with both AN and SIBO, and therefore gut microbiome changes by serial fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a possible therapeutic modality. This study assessed the effects of FMT on gut barrier function, microbiota composition, and the levels of bacterial metabolic products. The patient treatment with FMT led to the improvement of gut barrier function, which was altered prior to FMT. Very low bacterial alpha diversity, a lack of beneficial bacteria, together with a great abundance of fungal species were observed in the patient stool sample before FMT. After FMT, both bacterial species richness and gut microbiome evenness increased in the patient, while the fungal alpha diversity decreased. The total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels (molecules presenting an important source of energy for epithelial gut cells) gradually increased after FMT. Contrarily, one of the most abundant intestinal neurotransmitters, serotonin, tended to decrease throughout the observation period. Overall, gut microbial dysbiosis improvement after FMT was considered. However, there were no signs of patient clinical improvement. The need for an in-depth analysis of the donor´s stool and correct selection pre-FMT is evident.

scholarly journals 190 Young Scholar Presentation: Early life fecal microbiome transplantation can enhance growth and performance in neonatal dairy calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 109-110
Author(s):  
Fernanda Rosa ◽  
Erminio Trevisi ◽  
Johan S Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
On Farm

Abstract The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a neonatal calf undergoes morphological and functional adaptations after birth. The GI tract during this period is influenced by many factors, including bioactive compounds in colostrum. Early colonization of the neonate gut microbiome can fundamentally influence the neonate predisposition to develop immune and metabolic disorders. Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) has demonstrated positive effects on the treatment of GI diseases in humans; therefore, we hypothesized that neonatal gut inoculation with a healthy adult gut microbiota via milk replacer can potentially improve gut development and maturation early in life. We aimed to evaluate the effects of performing an early life FMT in neonatal dairy calves using stool samples from on-farm selected adult healthy donors on growth and health performance, blood immunometabolites, and gene expression in immune cells [polymorphonuclear leukocytes cells (PMNL)]. The on-farm selection of the adult donor was based on health and production records at the Dairy Research and Training Facility (DRTF) at South Dakota State University, as well as fecal samples testing negative for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Salmonella, and Cryptosporidium. Sixteen healthy newborn Holstein calves (n = 8/trt) housed in individual hutches were used in a randomized complete block design from birth to 7 wk of age. Calves were fed 2.8 L/d of antibiotic-free milk replacer 2×/d during wk 1 to 5, 1×/d on wk 6, and weaned at d 42. Antibiotic-free starter pellets and water were fed ad libitum. Calves were assigned to either a baseline nutritional program (CON) or 1×/d inoculations with 25 g of fecal donor material (FMT) mixed in the milk replacer from 8 to 12 d of age. Individual intakes of milk and pellets were measured daily. Fecal and respiratory scores were recorded daily. Body weight (BW) and withers height (WH) were recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected weekly for immunometabolic profiling and PMNL isolation for gene expression analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was a trend (P = 0.09) for greater BW (50.8 vs 52.7 kg±0.7) in FMT calves. Similarly, there was a trend for greater WH (P = 0.13) in FMT (82.6 vs 83.8 kg±0.49) calves. Starter intake and fecal scores were not affected (P > 0.23) by FMT inoculation. Improvements observed in growth parameters by FMT inoculation are suggestive that neonatal dairy calves may benefit from this approach to enhance gut health and immunity, which might be further explained by blood immunometabolites and PMNL gene expression analysis.

scholarly journals A systematic review on the role of microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of eating disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Anna Carbone ◽  
Pasquale D'Amato ◽  
Giuseppe Vicchio ◽  
Pasquale De Fazio ◽  
Cristina Segura-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Affective Symptoms

Abstract Background There is growing interest in new factors contributing to the genesis of eating disorders (EDs). Research recently focused on the study of microbiota. Dysbiosis, associated with a specific genetic susceptibility, may contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder, and several putative mechanisms have already been identified. Diet seems to have an impact not only on modification of the gut microbiota, facilitating dysbiosis, but also on its recovery in patients with EDs. Methods This systematic review based on the PICO strategy searching into PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Library examined the literature on the role of altered microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of EDs. Results Sixteen studies were included, mostly regarding AN. Alpha diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were lower in patients with AN, and affective symptoms and ED psychopathology seem related to changes in gut microbiota. Microbiota-derived proteins stimulated the autoimmune system, altering neuroendocrine control of mood and satiety in EDs. Microbial richness increased in AN after weight regain on fecal microbiota transplantation. Conclusions Microbiota homeostasis seems essential for a healthy communication network between gut and brain. Dysbiosis may promote intestinal inflammation, alter gut permeability, and trigger immune reactions in the hunger/satiety regulation center contributing to the pathophysiological development of EDs. A restored microbial balance may be a possible treatment target for EDs. A better and more in-depth characterization of gut microbiota and gut–brain crosstalk is required. Future studies may deepen the therapeutic and preventive role of microbiota in EDs.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota features associated with Clostridioides difficile colonization in dairy calves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel E. Redding ◽  
Alexander S. Berry ◽  
Nagaraju Indugu ◽  
Elizabeth Huang ◽  
Daniel P. Beiting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Significant Difference

Diarrheal disease, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dairy calves, is strongly associated with the health and composition of the gut microbiome. Clostridioides difficile is an opportunistic pathogen that proliferates and can produce enterotoxins when the host experiences gut dysbiosis. However, even asymptomatic colonization with C. difficile can be associated with differing degrees of microbiome disruption in a range of species, including people, swine, and dogs. Little is known about the interaction between C. difficile and the gut microbiome in dairy calves. In this study, we sought to define microbial features associated with C. difficile colonization in pre-weaned dairy calves less than 2 weeks of age. We characterized the fecal microbiota of 80 calves from 23 different farms using 16S rRNA sequencing and compared the microbiota of C. difficile -positive (n=24) and C. difficile -negative calves (n=56). Farm appeared to be the greatest source of variability in the gut microbiota. When controlling for calf age, diet, and farm location, there was no significant difference in Shannon alpha diversity ( P = 0.50) or in weighted UniFrac beta diversity (P=0.19) between C. difficile -positive and –negative calves. However, there was a significant difference in beta diversity as assessed using Bray-Curtiss diversity ( P =0.0077), and C. difficile -positive calves had significantly increased levels of Ruminococcus (gnavus group) ( Adj. P =0.052), Lachnoclostridium ( Adj. P =0.060), Butyricicoccus ( Adj. P =0.060), and Clostridium sensu stricto 2 compared to C. difficile -negative calves. Additionally, C. difficile -positive calves had fewer microbial co-occurrences than C. difficile –negative calves, indicating reduced bacterial synergies. Thus, while C. difficile colonization alone is not associated with dysbiosis and is therefore unlikely to result in an increased likelihood of diarrhea in dairy calves, it may be associated with a more disrupted microbiota.

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