scholarly journals Cystinuria in Dogs and Cats: What Do We Know after Almost 200 Years?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2437
Author(s):  
Simona Kovaříková ◽  
Petr Maršálek ◽  
Kateřina Vrbová
Keyword(s):  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Normal Urine ◽  
Amino Aciduria ◽  
Cystine Urolithiasis ◽  
Dibasic Amino Acids ◽  
Lower Urinary

The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on canine and feline cystinuria from available scientific reports. Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic defect characterized by abnormal intestinal and renal amino acid transport in which cystine and the dibasic amino acids ornithine, lysine, and arginine are involved (COLA). At a normal urine pH, ornithine, lysine, and arginine are soluble, but cysteine forms a dimer, cystine, which is relatively insoluble, resulting in crystal precipitation. Mutations in genes coding COLA transporter and the mode of inheritance were identified only in some canine breeds. Cystinuric dogs may form uroliths (mostly in lower urinary tract) which are associated with typical clinical symptoms. The prevalence of cystine urolithiasis is much higher in European countries (up to 14% according to the recent reports) when compared to North America (United States and Canada) where it is approximately 1–3%. Cystinuria may be diagnosed by the detection of cystine urolithiasis, cystine crystalluria, assessment of amino aciduria, or using genetic tests. The management of cystinuria is aimed at urolith removal or dissolution which may be reached by dietary changes or medical treatment. In dogs with androgen-dependent cystinuria, castration will help. In cats, cystinuria occurs less frequently in comparison with dogs.

Neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract (neurogenic bladder)

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Yu. N. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Neurogenic Bladder ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Neurogenic Dysfunction ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lower Urinary

The lecture presents information about the central and peripheral structures that provide innervation and regulation of the functions of the lower urinary tract — the bladder and urethra. The mechanisms of regulation of the functions of accumulation and retention of urine (reservoir function) and emptying of the bladder (evacuation function) are shown.Neural control of urination is organized in the form of a hierarchical system. The spinal centers are the executive structures, and the cerebral centers are the controlling structures. Involuntary implementation of the act of urination occurs through segmental sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms. The regulation of these functions and voluntary urination are carried out by the central mechanisms of the brain — the actuation of the urination reflex is under strict volitional control, which makes it possible to plan the emptying of the bladder in a socially acceptable place and time.The information on the clinical symptoms of neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract (neurogenic bladder) is reviewed. The features of clinical manifestations depending on the level of damage to neural structures and in various neurological diseases are shown. Methods for assessing urodynamics and treatment directions for neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract are presented.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF CHARAKOKTA MUTRAVIRECHANIYA MAHAKASHAYA IN MUTRAKRICHRA OR LOWER URINARY TRACT INFECTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Aryamol A D ◽  
Umesh C ◽  
Gopal Krishna G
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Lower Urinary

Mutrakrichra the disease of Mutravaha Srotas is caused due to Sanga (obstruction). Mutrakrichra means difficulty in micturition. Mutrakrichra can be compared to lower urinary tract infection (LUTI) symptoms. LUTI is the most common infection known to mankind and a common condition seen in general practice. Urinary tract infection affects more than 150 million people every year worldwide. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Mutravirechaniya Mahakashaya in LUTI and to compare its efficacy with Tab. Norfloxacin. Methods: 45 patients of either gender with the symptoms of LUTI were randomized into three groups of 15 patients each. Group A- received Mutravirechaniya Mahakashaya 50ml. Group B- received Tab. Norfloxacin 400mg and Group C- Mutravirechaniya Mahakashaya and Tab. Norfloxacin in the above mentioned dose for ten days. Efficacy outcomes were assessed through subjective parameters and routine urine and microscopic examination. Observation and results: When compared all the groups showed better results in relieving the clinical symptoms of LUTI. Overall patients treated with Mutravirechaniya Mahakashaya and Tab. Norfloxacin showed better results, but there was no significant difference between the groups (P<0.351). Conclusion: Mutravirechaniya Mahakashaya was able to meet the efficacy outcomes measures in comparison to Tab. Norfloxacin. Clinical effects of Mutravirechaniya Mahakashaya were similar to Tab. Norfloxacin owing to its diuretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.

scholarly journals Lower urinary tract lithiasis of cats in Algeria: Clinical and epidemiologic features

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayet Remichi ◽  
Fatma Amira Hani ◽  
Myriem Rebouh ◽  
Chabha Benmohand ◽  
Wahiba Zenad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Urinary Lithiasis ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Lower Urinary

Aim: This study aims to describe the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract and to determine the main risk factors involved in the occurrence of urinary lithiasis in cats in Algeria from 2016 to 2018. Materials and Methods: During the study period, 465 cats were examined and 32 cases of urolithiases were selected and investigated by conducting physical examinations, blood analyses, urinalysis, X-ray radiography, and ultrasonography. Parameters such as breed, age, or sex were studied and reported in a farm return to analyze risk factors involved in the formation of lower urinary urolithiasis. Results: The most clinically relevant symptoms of urolithiasis observed in cats were dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, and stranguria. Urinalysis and blood analysis revealed a significant presence of urinary crystals and acute kidney failure in nine cats. The ultrasonography and radiography confirmed the diagnosis of urolithiasis with the incidence of 43.75% and 31.25%, respectively. The lower urinary tract urolithiasis appeared to be more frequent in European and Siamese cats. In addition, cats aged between 4 and 8 years old were the most affected. Male cats (87.50%) were more affected than female cats. Finally, the lower urinary tract urolithiasis was more frequent in cats consuming the commercial pet food, previously castrated, and confined inside the house. Conclusion: Complete clinical assessments, in addition to complementary examinations, are necessary and beneficial in treating the animal and preventing possible complications. Whether the choice of therapy is surgical or treatment with drugs, it is crucial to understand that the elimination of the stone is not an end, but the beginning of a series of investigations. Because of their impact on both the formation and elimination of metabolites, it has been found that factors, such as race, gender, age, diet, and lifestyle, should be considered as potential risk factors for urolithiasis.

Treatment of beneficial prostate hyperplasia of large sizes: traditional surgical, low-invasive and laser technologies (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
G. E. Roitberg ◽  
V. V. Astashov ◽  
K. G. Mkrtchyan ◽  
A. A. Lomshakov
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Prostate Hyperplasia ◽  
Surgical Tactics ◽  
Lower Urinary

Benign prostatic hyperplasia – one of the most common diseases in older men. The treatment strategy for benign prostatic hyperplasia consists in its drug therapy, or active surgical tactics. The indication for planned surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia is the progression of symptoms of the lower urinary tract, which are not amenable to drug correction. Men with a large prostate volume of more than 80 m3, with severe symptoms of the lower urinary tract, with a history of acute urinary retention episodes, represent a difficult group of patients in terms of choosing the tactics of surgical treatment. This article discusses the most common operations that are used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (especially of large sizes): open adenectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate gland, enucleation of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a holmium laser, embolization of an artery of the prostate gland. Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia requires an individual approach to the patient, taking into account his age, concomitant pathology and clinical symptoms.

scholarly journals Prostatic-type polyp located in the bladder of an adolescent: A case report and overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1787-1792
Author(s):  
Hejia Zhu ◽  
Yiwei Lin ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Baihua Shen ◽  
Liping Xie
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Transurethral Resection ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Similar Case ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Posterior Urethra ◽  
Lower Urinary

Prostatic-type polyps are uncommon lesions in the urinary tract. They are sometimes found in the lower urinary tract, particularly on the posterior urethra, but are rarely found in the bladder. We report a case of 15-year-old boy who presented with dysuria. Routine ultrasonography showed a mass in the bladder arising near the internal orifice of urethra. Further inspection with cystoscopy followed by transurethral resection and pathology confirmed the lesion to be a prostatic-type polyp. An overview of other similar case studies showed that the pathogenesis of this condition is controversial, haematuria and dysuria are common clinical symptoms and endoscopic transurethral resection is the best treatment option. Since the polyp is benign, recurrence and progression of this disorder is unlikely to occur.

scholarly journals Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in Polish cats

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 386-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lew-Kojrys ◽  
E. Mikulska-Skupien ◽  
A. Snarska ◽  
W. Krystkiewicz ◽  
A. Pomianowski
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Urethral Obstruction ◽  
Veterinary Clinic ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Lower Urinary

This paper describes the results of a retrospective study performed on 385 cats with feline lower urinary tract disease. The study was conducted to obtain epidemiological data and to evaluate clinical symptoms and the results of laboratory tests in a population of Polish cats with symptoms of lower urinary tract disease. The analysed population comprised feline patients of the veterinary clinic at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn who had not been treated prior to admission. Medical history was obtained for all patients. Urine samples were collected mostly, but not solely, by cystocentesis. Feline idiopathic cystitis was diagnosed in most cats (60.7%), while urinary tract infections were noted in only 7.8% of patients. Urethral obstruction caused by mucus plugs was observed in 17.4% of animals. Urolithiasis was observed in 13% of cats, 5% of whom were also diagnosed with urinary tract infections. Hyperplastic changes were identified in only 1% of the studied population. In 59% of cats, feline lower urinary tract disease was accompanied by urethral obstruction. Cats with feline idiopathic cystitis were the youngest animals in the analysed population, and the risk of urinary tract infections and neoplasia increased with age. Our results, obtained over a period of six years in a Polish feline population, show that sex, neutering, age, living conditions and diet influence the type of urinary tract disease, data which are consistent with those obtained in other countries.

Post-voiding contraction (PVC): Manifestation and characterisation in over 100 patients

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-345
Author(s):  
G. Di Meglio ◽  
R. Zucconelli
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mixed Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
The One ◽  
Lower Urinary

The Authors report their experience of post-voiding contraction (PVC) in 173 consecutive functional studies of the female lower urinary tract. A lack of significant correlations between the various urodynamic pictures was noted on the one hand and between the PVC and their extent on the other. It is suggested that there may be a connection between the presence of PVC and that of two clinical symptoms i.e. enuresis and mixed urinary incontinence; this was observed in 75% and 63.2% of the cases respectively. Considering PVC as not being a true form of detrusorial instability, in the genesis of which a possible reduction in pelvic muscle tone cannot be excluded, the utility of a vesico-sphincteric fuctional study is highlighted. This study aims at defining not only urethral activity, but also that of the pelvic plane musculature, due to the well-known interdependence between perineal and detrusorial activity.

Clinico-diagnosis and Surgico-therapeutic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in Dogs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Parmar ◽  
P.V. Parikh ◽  
M.T. Panchal ◽  
D.J. Ghodasara ◽  
B.B. Bhanderi
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Therapeutic Management ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Urinary Tract Disorders ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Lower Urinary

Background: The available literature and work done so far on diagnosis and therapeutic management of lower urinary tract affections in canine practice is very meagre specially on urethro-cystoscopic examinations, medicinal dissolution of calculi and immunotherapy for neoplasia of UB in dogs. Methods: The present study was carried in 55 dogs with lower urinary tract affections classify according to pathological conditions and therapeutic management. The diagnostic modalities like radiography, ultrasonography in all dogs, urethro-cystoscopy in seven dogs and their findings were studied. The response of therapeutics were also studied.Conclusion: The dogs having small size calculi treated according to urine pH with oral medicinal dissolution using Ammonium Chloride (Group 1A, n=9) and Di Sodium Hydrogen Citrate (Group 1B, n=10) for sixty days, Group 1C (n=25) dogs with cystitis (n=17) subjected for bacterial culture treated according to sensitive antibiotics, TCC of bladder (n=7) with immunotherapy using BCG vaccine and a dog with leiomyosarcoma with cystotomy. The dogs (Group 2, n=11) with large size calculi (n=10), a lodge catheter in UB and dogs (Group 3, n=6) did not responded medicinal dissolution from group 1A (n=2) and 1B (n=4) treated surgically. One to multiple, variable size recovered calculi (n=24) revealed highest brown colour grossly, calcium oxalate type, higher in Pomeranian breed and dogs fed with combination of vegetarian and commercial feed.

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