scholarly journals The Association between Selected Dietary Minerals and Mastitis in Dairy Cows—A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2330
Author(s):  
Kacper Libera ◽  
Kacper Konieczny ◽  
Katarzyna Witkowska ◽  
Katarzyna Żurek ◽  
Małgorzata Szumacher-Strabel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Dietary Minerals ◽  
Structural Parts ◽  
Reduced Activity

The aim of this paper is to describe the association between selected dietary minerals and mastitis in dairy cows. Minerals are a group of nutrients with a proven effect on production and reproductive performance. They also strongly affect immune system function. In particular their deficiencies may result in immunosuppression, which is a predisposing factor for udder inflammation occurrence. The role of selected dietary minerals (including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium, copper and zinc) has been reviewed. Generally, minerals form structural parts of the body; as cofactors of various enzymes they are involved in nerve signaling, muscle contraction and proper keratosis. Their deficiencies lead to reduced activity of immune cells or malfunction of teat innate defense mechanisms, which in turn promote the development of mastitis. Special attention was also paid to minerals applied as nanoparticles, which in the future may turn out to be an effective tool against animal diseases, including mastitis. To conclude, minerals are an important group of nutrients, which should be taken into account on dairy farms when aiming to achieve high udder health status.

scholarly journals Battle between plants as antioxidants with free radicals in human body

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Jamshidi-kia ◽  
Joko Priyanto Wibowo ◽  
Mostafa Elachouri ◽  
Rohollah Masumi ◽  
Alizamen Salehifard-Jouneghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidants

Free radicals are constructed by natural physiological activities in the human cells as well as in the environment. They may be produced as a result of diet, smoking, exercise, inflammation, exposure to sunlight, air pollutants, stress, alcohol and drugs. Imbalanced redox status may lead to cellular oxidative stress, which can damage the cells of the body, resulting in an incidence of various diseases. If the endogenous antioxidants do not stop the production of reactive metabolites, they will be needed to bring about a balance in redox status. Natural antioxidants, for example plants, play an important part in this context. This paper seeks to report the available evidence about oxidative stress and the application of plants as antioxidant agents to fight free radicals in the human body. For this purpose, to better understand oxidative stress, the principles of free radical production, the role of free radicals in diseases, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the role of herbs and diet in oxidative stress are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Hyaluronan in Innate Defense Responses of the Intestine

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. de la Motte ◽  
Sean P. Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Component ◽  
Bacterial Challenge ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Matrix Component ◽  
Innate Defense

Hyaluronan is an abundant extracellular matrix component prevalent in the vertebrate intestinal tract. Here we discuss what is known about hyaluronan distribution during homeostasis and inflammatory diseases of the gut and discuss ways in which this glycosaminoglycan can participate in regulating innate host defense mechanisms. These natural responses include mechanisms promoting rapid leukocyte recruitment after bacterial challenge/colon tissue damage as well as promoting epithelial defense mechanisms in the intestine.

scholarly journals Medically Important Alterations in Transport Function and Trafficking of ABCG2

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2786
Author(s):  
László Homolya
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transport Function ◽  
Membrane Expression ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Plasma Membrane Expression ◽  
Cellular Processing ◽  
Barrier Tissues ◽  
Exogenous Substances

Several polymorphisms and mutations in the human ABCG2 multidrug transporter result in reduced plasma membrane expression and/or diminished transport function. Since ABCG2 plays a pivotal role in uric acid clearance, its malfunction may lead to hyperuricemia and gout. On the other hand, ABCG2 residing in various barrier tissues is involved in the innate defense mechanisms of the body; thus, genetic alterations in ABCG2 may modify the absorption, distribution, excretion of potentially toxic endo- and exogenous substances. In turn, this can lead either to altered therapy responses or to drug-related toxic reactions. This paper reviews the various types of mutations and polymorphisms in ABCG2, as well as the ways how altered cellular processing, trafficking, and transport activity of the protein can contribute to phenotypic manifestations. In addition, the various methods used for the identification of the impairments in ABCG2 variants and the different approaches to correct these defects are overviewed.

scholarly journals High Innate Immune Specificity through Diversified C-Type Lectin-Like Domain Proteins in Invertebrates

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Pees ◽  
Wentao Yang ◽  
Alejandra Zárate-Potes ◽  
Hinrich Schulenburg ◽  
Katja Dierking
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Current State ◽  
Gene Diversification

A key question in current immunity research is how the innate immune system can generate high levels of specificity. Evidence is accumulating that invertebrates, which exclusively rely on innate defense mechanisms, can differentiate between pathogens on the species and even strain level. In this review, we identify and discuss the particular potential of C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) proteins to generate high immune specificity. Whilst several CTLD proteins are known to act as pattern recognition receptors in the vertebrate innate immune system, the exact role of CTLD proteins in invertebrate immunity is much less understood. We show that CTLD genes are highly abundant in most metazoan genomes and summarize the current state of knowledge on CTLD protein function in insect, crustacean and nematode immune systems. We then demonstrate extreme CTLD gene diversification in the genomes of Caenorhabditis nematodes and provide an update of data from CTLD gene function studies in C. elegans, which indicate that the diversity of CTLD genes could contribute to immune specificity. In spite of recent achievements, the exact functions of the diversified invertebrate CTLD genes are still largely unknown. Our review therefore specifically discusses promising research approaches to rectify this knowledge gap.

scholarly journals The role of insulin-like growth factor and leptin in the pathogenesis of internal non-contagious pathology of dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
I. Petruh ◽  
M. Simonov ◽  
V. Vlizlo ◽  
D. Ostapiv
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Statistical Error ◽  
The Body ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor

The endocrine system plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the non-infectious pathology of dairy cows. However, the role of a number of hormones in pathology is not clear. These hormones include insulin-like growth factors and leptin. The insulin-like growth factor is synthesized predominantly in the liver in response to an increase in the level of somatotropic hormone in the blood. According to its physiological properties, it is close to insulin, structurally similar, has common receptors that trigger the same chain of reactions: stimulates transport of amino acids and glucose in the muscles, increases the sensitivity of cells to insulin, in adipose tissue, transport glucose, oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide, the inclusion of glucose in lipids. Leptin is synthesized by adipocytes, and its main physiological function is to reduce the synthesis of macroergic compounds and increase energy expenditure. Circulating in the blood, it helps to maintain an optimal level of glucose, which is necessary for the energy needs of the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of insulin-like growth factor, leptin, glucose, pyruvate and lactate in the blood of cows under secondary osteodystrophy, ketosis and hepatodistrophy. This will give an opportunity to better understand the pathogenesis and create theoretical preconditions for the development of informative diagnostic tests and effective means of treatment. The experiment was conducted on dairy cows, analogues by age, breed, productivity and physiological state. According to clinical features, urine analysis and values of biochemical parameters of blood of experimental cows were divided into four groups: 1 – clinically healthy cows, 2 – patients with osteodystrophy, 3 – patients with ketosis, 4 – patients with hepatodistrophy. The obtained results of research indicate that the internal non-contagious pathology in dairy cows deficiency of exchange energy is recorded, which induces an increase in the activity of gluconeogenesis and is expressed by lowering the concentration of glucose and increasing the content of pyruvate and lactate. At the same time, a decrease in the level of insulin-like growth factor and leptin was found. The lowest level of insulin-like growth factor and leptin was determined by ketosis. The decrease in the level of tissue hormones in the blood plasma of cows under osteodystrophy was within the statistical error.

scholarly journals The History of the Discovery of Parathyroid Glands, and Their Role in the Body

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Natalia G. Mokrysheva ◽  
Julia A. Krupinova
Keyword(s):  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
History Of

Currently, the parathyroid glands (PG) are admited as vital organs in humans. At the same time, the way to this acknowledgment was long and difficult, and the establishment of a link between the pathological conditions of the PG and their complications passed through many mistakes and errors. Understanding the regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in the body and recognition of the main role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in it was slow, throughout the XIX − early XX centuries. Despite the increasing number of observations confirming the development of complications because of hyperfunction of the PG or development of tetany due to their removal, the main link of this relationship remained unidentified for a long time. In view of the unique anatomical features of the PG, they were the last of the endocrine glands found, which the main obstacle was in the rapid study of their functional characteristics. Today, the structure and functions of the PG are described in detail, the manifestations of their various pathological conditions are well studied, and the capabilities of modern medicine allow timely diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The review describes the history of the discovery of the PG, highlights the main stages in the study of their role in calcium-phosphorus metabolism in particular and in the body as a whole, and discusses the prospects for further development in this direction. We analyzed the work devoted to the evolution in the notions of anatomical, physiological, pathological features of the PG.

scholarly journals Cadmium-Induced Cell Homeostasis Impairment is Suppressed by the Tor1 Deficiency in Fission Yeast

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7847
Author(s):  
Miroslava Požgajová ◽  
Alica Navrátilová ◽  
Eva Šebová ◽  
Marek Kovár ◽  
Miroslava Kačániová
Keyword(s):  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Cadmium has no known physiological function in the body; however, its adverse effects are associated with cancer and many types of organ system damage. Although much has been shown about Cd toxicity, the underlying mechanisms of its responses to the organism remain unclear. In this study, the role of Tor1, a catalytic subunit of the target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2), in Cd-mediated effects on cell proliferation, the antioxidant system, morphology, and ionome balance was investigated in the eukaryotic model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Surprisingly, spectrophotometric and biochemical analyses revealed that the growth rate conditions and antioxidant defense mechanisms are considerably better in cells lacking the Tor1 signaling. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of Tor1-deficient cells upon Cd treatment represents approximately half of the wild-type content. The microscopic determination of the cell morphological parameters indicates the role for Tor1 in cell shape maintenance. The ion content, determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), showed that the Cd uptake potency was markedly lower in Tor1-depleted compared to wild-type cells. Conclusively, we show that the cadmium-mediated cell impairments in the fission yeast significantly depend on the Tor1 signaling. Additionally, the data presented here suggest the yet-undefined role of Tor1 in the transport of ions.

scholarly journals Penyadaran Masyarakat Akademik tentang Peranan Herbal dalam Peningkatan Sistem Imun

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Diah Mustikasari ◽  
Andri Kurniawan ◽  
Pipit Rakhmawati
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infected Cells

The immune system is an integrated body defense mechanism to prevent, inhibit, and eliminate antigens and also to repair infected cells or tissues. The immune system, which is grouped into innate immunity and adaptive immunity, is a natural force in the body that can be optimized to maintain the existence of life. This activity aimed to increase the awareness of students as part of the academic community cluster regarding the role of herbs in enhancing the immune system (immunity). This activity was carried out through an online socialization and focus group discussion (FGD) involving students and alumnus from Bangka Belitung University. The result of this activity was an increased understanding of students and alumus related to the immune system, namely the types, roles, and defense mechanisms of the body both cellular and humoral as well as an understanding of the role of herbs in the immune system. The results of this discussion were expected to provide knowledge and increase awareness of the importance of the immune system in life.

scholarly journals Ovarian effects of vitamin D: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
G. E. Chernukha ◽  
O. V. Yakushevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Main Regulator

The history of the discovery of vitamin D (VD) has crossed 100 years. Initially, VD deficiency was limitedly associated with the development of rickets in children. Later, on the basis of a number of studies, it was found that VD deficiency is a risk factor for osteoporosis in men and women. However, the traditional concept of VD as the main regulator of calcium-phosphorus metabolism has undergone dramatic changes over the past two decades. A prerequisite for revising the role of VD and the spectrum of its biological properties was the identification of the distribution of its specific receptors in the body. VD receptors are expressed in the intestine, thyroid and parathyroid glands, kidneys, ovaries, uterus, placenta, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and play a vital function not only in calcium homeostasis. Accordingly, the list of target organs for VD action has been modified. VD deficiency, calculated on a pandemic scale, is a factor that increases the risk of developing not only osteoporosis, but also a number of other diseases. Observational and epidemiological studies have shown that reproductive system disorders are very often combined with VD insufficiency / deficiency. Subsequent scientific research aimed at establishing the role of VD in the formation of a particular pathology of the reproductive system has shown very ambiguous results. VD is recognized as an essential component of maintaining a woman’s reproductive health. Of course, the presence of an established association is not evidence of a causal relationship. There is a need for additional testing. This review focuses on the effect of VD on ovarian function and the formation of various dysfunctional conditions.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

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