scholarly journals Age-Associated Changes in Recombinant H5 Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin Tissue Binding in Domestic Poultry Species

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2223
Author(s):  
Carmen Jerry ◽  
David E. Stallknecht ◽  
Christina Leyson ◽  
Roy Berghaus ◽  
Brian Jordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Tissue Binding ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Age Related

The 2014 outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) led to the culling of millions of commercial chickens and turkeys and death of various wild bird species. In this outbreak, older chickens and turkeys were commonly infected, and succumbed to clinical disease compared to younger aged birds such chicken broilers. Some experimental studies using waterfowl species have shown age-related differences in susceptibility to clinical disease with HPAI viruses. Here, we evaluate differences in H5 Hemagglutinin (HA) tissue binding across age groups, using recombinant H5 HA (rHA) proteins generated using gene sequences from low pathogenic (A/mallard/MN/410/2000(H5N2 (LPAIV)) and a HPAIV (A/Northern pintail/Washington/40964/2014(H5N2)) influenza A virus (IAV). Respiratory and intestinal tracts from chickens, ducks (Mallard, Pekin, Muscovy) and turkeys of different age groups were used to detect rHA binding with protein histochemistry, which was quantified as the median area of binding (MAB) used for statistical analysis. There were species and tissue specific differences in the rHA binding among the age groups; however, turkeys had significant differences in the HPAIV rHA binding in the respiratory tract, with younger turkeys having higher levels of binding in the lung compared to the older group. In addition, in the intestinal tract, younger turkeys had higher levels of binding compared to the older birds. Using LPAIV, similar species and tissues, specific differences were seen among the age groups; however, only turkeys had overall significant differences in the respiratory tract MAB, with the older birds having higher levels of binding compared to the younger group. No age-related differences were seen in the overall intestinal tract rHA binding. Age-related differences in rHA binding of the LPAIV and HPAIV demonstrated in this study may partially, but not completely, explain differences in host susceptibility to infection observed during avian influenza outbreaks and in experimental infection studies.

Pathology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Infection in Canada Geese (Branta canadensis); Preliminary Studies

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 966-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Neufeld ◽  
C. Embury-Hyatt ◽  
Y. Berhane ◽  
L. Manning ◽  
S. Ganske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Branta Canadensis ◽  
Canada Geese ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
H5n1 Infection ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Virus H5n1 ◽  
Age Related

Susceptibility of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis) to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (H5N1) infection was studied by inoculating 10 naïve (antibody-negative) animals (5 adults and 5 juveniles) with A/chicken/Vietnam/14/05 (H5N1) virus. In the adults, 1 of 5 became infected, and 4 of 5 remained normal; in the juvenile group, 5 of 5 became infected. The pathology observed in the affected animals was similar to that reported in natural occurrences. Peripheral and parasympathetic nervous systems were examined and found infected, as well as cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons. In some locations with significant virus infection in cells, the expected inflammatory reaction was absent or very mild. Immunohistochemistry was used to locate influenza A virus nucleoprotein in brain, spinal cord, respiratory and digestive systems, pancreas, heart, and peripheral and parasympathetic nervous systems. Further studies are needed to explain age-related differences in susceptibility.

scholarly journals Immunization of Primates with a Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored Vaccine via the Respiratory Tract Induces a High Titer of Serum Neutralizing Antibodies against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 11560-11568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. DiNapoli ◽  
Lijuan Yang ◽  
Amorsolo Suguitan ◽  
Subbiah Elankumaran ◽  
David W. Dorward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

ABSTRACT The ongoing outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) in birds, the incidence of transmission to humans with a resulting high mortality rate, and the possibility of a human pandemic warrant the development of effective human vaccines against HPAIV. We developed an experimental live-attenuated vaccine for direct inoculation of the respiratory tract based on recombinant avian Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of H5N1 HPAIV (NDV-HA). Expression of the HPAIV HA gene slightly reduced NDV virulence, as evidenced by the increased mean embryo death time and reduced replication in chickens. NDV-HA was administered to African green monkeys in two doses of 2 × 107 infectious units each with a 28-day interval to evaluate the systemic and local antibody responses specific to H5N1 HPAIV. The virus was shed only at low titers from the monkeys, indicative of safety. Two doses of NDV-HA induced a high titer of H5N1 HPAIV-neutralizing serum antibodies in all of the immunized monkeys. Moreover, a substantial mucosal immunoglobulin A response was induced in the respiratory tract after one and two doses. The titers of neutralizing antibodies achieved in this study suggest that the vaccine would be likely to prevent mortality and reduce morbidity caused by the H5N1 HPAIV. In addition, induction of a local immune response in the respiratory tract is an important advantage that is likely to reduce or prevent transmission of the virus during an outbreak or a pandemic. This vaccine is a candidate for clinical evaluation in humans.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of the Tropism and Pathogenesis of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H7N9 Virus Using Ex Vivo and In Vitro Cultures of Human Respiratory Tract

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa L Y Chan ◽  
Kenrie P Y Hui ◽  
Denise I T Kuok ◽  
Christine H T Bui ◽  
Ka-chun Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial Cells ◽  
H7n9 Virus ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Abstract Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)-H7N9 virus arising from low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)-H7N9 virus with polybasic amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin was detected in 2017. Methods We compared the tropism, replication competence, and cytokine induction of HPAI-H7N9, LPAI-H7N9, and HPAI-H5N1 in ex vivo human respiratory tract explants, in vitro culture of human alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L). Results Replication competence of HPAI- and LPAI-H7N9 were comparable in ex vivo cultures of bronchus and lung. HPAI-H7N9 predominantly infected AECs, whereas limited infection was observed in bronchus. The reduced tropism of HPAI-H7N9 in bronchial epithelium may explain the lack of human-to-human transmission despite a number of mammalian adaptation markers. Apical and basolateral release of virus was observed only in HPAI-H7N9- and H5N1-infected AECs regardless of infection route. HPAI-H7N9, but not LPAI-H7N9 efficiently replicated in HMVEC-L. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a HPAI-H7N9 virus efficiently replicating in ex vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung. The HPAI-H7N9 was more efficient at replicating in human AECs and HMVEC-L than LPAI-H7N9 implying that endothelial tropism may involve in pathogenesis of HPAI-H7N9 disease.

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