scholarly journals Levels of Main Bacterial Phyla in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Sheep Depending on Parity and Age

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2203
Author(s):  
Jakub Smoliński ◽  
Natalia Szeligowska ◽  
Paulina Cholewińska ◽  
Katarzyna Czyż ◽  
Marzena Janczak

During pregnancy and parturition, the homeostasis of the body is disturbed, and the immune system is undermined, which is associated with hormonal changes within the body. Recently, it has also been suggested that physiological and hormonal changes associated with pregnancy may affect the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the composition of the microbiome in the third month of pregnancy in sheep in their first and second parity. Eighteen females in total were selected for the experiment, and they were divided into two groups: primiparous (aged 1 year) and multiparous ones (aged 2 years). The animals were fed the same fodder, and did not show any disease symptoms. Fecal samples were collected individually from each female (n = 20), and then bacterial DNA isolation and real-time PCR were performed for the main bacterial phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria) and families (Lactobacillaceae and Clostridia). The obtained results showed the differentiation in the microbiome between the primiparous and multiparous ewes with respect to the following groups: Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria—the level was higher in the case of the primiparas. These results suggest that the parity and age of the females may affect the gastrointestinal microbiome, but further studies are recommended.

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang ◽  
Park ◽  
Park ◽  
Baek ◽  
Chun

The gut microbiota modulates overall metabolism, the immune system and brain development of the host. The majority of mammalian gut microbiota consists of bacteria. Among various model animals, the mouse has been most widely used in pre-clinical biological experiments. The significant compositional differences in taxonomic profiles among different mouse strains due to gastrointestinal locations, genotypes and vendors have been well documented. However, details of such variations are yet to be elucidated. This study compiled and analyzed 16S rRNA gene-based taxonomic profiles of 554 healthy mouse samples from 14 different projects to construct a comprehensive database of the microbiome of a healthy mouse gastrointestinal tract. The database, named Murine Microbiome Database, should provide researchers with useful taxonomic information and better biological insight about how each taxon, such as genus and species, is associated with locations in the gastrointestinal tract, genotypes and vendors. The database is freely accessible over the Internet at http://leb.snu.ac.kr/mmdb/.


2020 ◽  
pp. 96-122
Author(s):  
David Musnick ◽  
Shae Datta

Millions of Americans suffer from traumatic brain injuries and concussion each year. It used to be thought that recovery from a noncomplicated concussion was quick and easy. However, recent research has shown that multiple physiological mechanisms may result from a single impact to the head, and worsen with subsequent injuries. Head injuries have been shown to affect different systems of the body, including the endocrine system, the immune system, and maintenance of the gastrointestinal microbiome. This chapter will review these mechanisms, the sequelae of head injury, and the importance of conducting a thorough evaluation. Integrative methods of treatment and management will be discussed.


2020 ◽  
pp. 2862-2870
Author(s):  
Rebecca Scott ◽  
T.M. Tan ◽  
S.R. Bloom

The gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body, with its component cells dispersed along its length rather than being clustered in glands. More than 20 gut peptides integrate gastrointestinal function by regulating the actions of the epithelium, muscles, and nerves; they also affect the growth and development of the gut and have a major role in appetite control. They mostly work in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Gastrointestinal hormones include the gastrin–cholecystokinin family, the secretin superfamily, preproglucagon derivatives, the motilin–ghrelin family, the pancreatic polypeptide-fold family, and various other gut peptides. Gastrointestinal and other diseases may cause abnormalities of these gut peptides, for example: (1) achlorhydria (from atrophic gastritis or drug-induced) causes elevation of circulating gastrin; (2) malabsorptive conditions are associated with a decrease in the amount of peptides produced in the affected region, and a compensatory elevation of other peptides; and (3) obesity is associated with orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) and less satiating hormonal changes, and the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery are partly explained through alterations in gut hormones.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 312-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Hang Li ◽  
Ling Liu ◽  
Ya-Yi Hou ◽  
Su-Nan Shen ◽  
Ting-Ting Wang

Abstract C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are powerful pattern-recognition receptors that discern ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ in our body and protect us from invasive pathogens by mediating immune recognition and response. The gastrointestinal tract is very important for the maintenance of homeostasis; it is the largest shelter for the billions of microorganisms in the body and CLRs play a crucial regulatory role in this system. This study focuses on several CLRs, including Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Dectin-3 and Mincle. We summarize the roles of CLRs in maintaining gastrointestinal immune-system homeostasis, especially their functions in mediating immune recognition and responses in the gut, discuss their relationships to some diseases, highlight the significance of CLR-mediated sensing of microbial and non-microbial compounds in the gut immune system and identify new therapeutic targets.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Ramil R. Amerkhanov ◽  
Radislav R. Amerkhanov

Physical rehabilitation, by the foot method of body systemic mobilization, is a new medical technology. In connection with the current global unstable infectious situation, the need arose again to return to the question of finding and developing a systematic approach of simple and generally available physical methods. Aim. Analyze and evaluate the effect of the method of systemic mobilization of the body with the foot on the immune system of the human body, in order to prevent and rehabilitate post-infectious conditions. Material and methods. The research was carried out in various climatic zones. The procedures were based on the techniques of the first, second and third orders, in the second and third age groups. The first group consisted of patients of the second age group (13-60 years old). The second study group was represented by the third age group (60 years +). Materials of the first age group (up to 13 years old) were not submitted to the analysis. The method of exposure stipulated only the canonical motion direction in the selected sessions, the session lasted within 40-70 minutes, every day, for 10-30 days, taking into account weight, age and chronic diseases. 237 male and female patients’ material was reviewed and analyzed. Results and discussion. The method of systemic mobilization of the body exposed to the foot showed more significant positive results in the second age group - 92.8% and less in the third – 78.6% . To achieve positive results, it took more procedures 4 ± 1.0 in a humid climate compared to a dry one. It has been approved that accelerated blood flow in the main and collateral vessels triggers the activity of the lymphatic system. In the primary lymphoid organs, the hematopoietic function is restored and increased, optimizing lymphopoiesis and the state of lymphodynamics. Techniques of the first order (level) restore the flow of lymph through the superficial lymphatic vessels, collecting and producing outflow of lymph from the skin, subcutaneous tissue, superficial fascia and the surface layer of muscle fibers.Techniques of the second order (level) affect the lymph flow of deep lymphatic vessels, collecting lymph from muscles, joints and bones, producing outflow from deeply located tissues, lymphatic vessels lying along the arteries and veins of the same name, actively anastomosing with a network of superficial lymphatic vessels. Techniques of the III order (level) promote lymph flow through the lymphatic capillaries, from intra- and extra-organ lymphatic vessels, trunks and ducts. These techniques create conditions for accelerating drainage in the thoracic duct, producing an “emptying” effect by a direct physical coercion on the vertebral column, penetrating deeply. Conclusion. This method has statistically confirmed studies that indicate its ability to significantly increase the speed of blood flow in the main and adjacent vessels. The method can be considered as having a positive effect on lymphodynamics, in particular on lymphatic capillaries emanating from intra- and extra organ lymphatic vessels, trunks and ducts. By increasing the transport function of the lymphatic vessels, providing a full blood supply (nutrition) to the primary organs of the lymphatic system, exerting a stimulating effect on the spirally oriented lymphangion myocytes, in a soft and carefully worked out way, the foot method of systemic body mobilization creates optimal conditions for the correction of the immune system. Thus, it is able to protect the internal environment of the human body from foreign agents.


Author(s):  
Hindustan Abdul Ahad ◽  
Chinthaginjala Haranath ◽  
Syed Rahamathulla ◽  
Syed Shaikshavali ◽  
Syed Ayesha ◽  
...  

This study prepares children to deal with COVID-19 and its frequent waves. Coronavirus infection cannot be prevented by pills or medications. Vaccines can prevent most infections. An increase in immunity is necessary to protect against COVID-19. CoViD-19 is better protected by a good immune system and a healthy diet. You can consume a variety of vitamins and foods to improve your health and immunity. The diet and hygiene of the body can help you prevent infections or diseases. These children are prepared or taught the consequences of their actions. COVID-19 most often affects children asymptomatically-meaning they show no symptoms of it. Children need to have periodic discussions about Appropriate Behavior in COVID-19.


Author(s):  
Arslaan Javaeed

Celiac disease is known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy. By enteropathy it simply means it is pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and that is why diarrhea (a common GI symptom) is usually one of the commonest presentations of celiac disease. So, it is safe to define celiac disease as an autoimmune disorder that mainly afflicts the small intestine. By autoimmune authors are referring to a disorder in which the body’s immune system works against the body itself. It is a chronic disorder where the sufferer is not able to tolerate gliadin, which is the alcohol soluble component of gluten. Gluten of course is a protein that is usually found in common foods like barley and wheat. Celiac disease which can also be regarded as celiac sprue has a genetic and immunological aspect to its etiology both of which would need to be considered when screening anyone for celiac disease.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Wanda Górniak ◽  
Paulina Cholewińska ◽  
Natalia Szeligowska ◽  
Magdalena Wołoszyńska ◽  
Maria Soroko ◽  
...  

Exercise significantly affects the body of both animals and humans, including the composition of the digestive microbiome. This study aimed to determine the changes in the composition of the most numerous bacterial phyla (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as the level of the Lactobacillaceae family) in the digestive system of horses under the influence of physical effort. The study included a group of 17 Thoroughbred racehorses at the age of 3 years, fed the same forage, from whom feces samples were collected individually before and 48 h after physical effort. The obtained samples were subjected to DNA isolation and RT-PCR analysis. The results showed a significant increase in the level of both phyla after exercise compared to the state before physical effort; there were no such differences in the level of facultative aerobes, i.e., the Lactobacillaceae family (although a decreasing tendency was found after exercise). In addition, the analysis of the level of the studied phyla indicates individual differences in horses’ response to the effort.


2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luh Putu Prema Diani ◽  
Luh Kadek Pande Ary Susilawati

The pregnancy period is a period when the body of a pregnant woman experience physical changes and psychological changes caused by pregnancy hormones increase. Hormonal changes experienced by pregnant women will result the changes in emotion and elicits some reaction among others happiness, sensitive, getting sad easily, disappointed, hurt, anxiety and even stress. Under these conditions, the husband’s support needed during pregnancy.It is very important for pregnant women to reduce the level of anxiety,so that pregnant women can live a healthy life. This study aims to determine whether the presence or absence of husband’s support influence against wives who experience anxiety in the third trimester of pregnancy in Gianyar regency. This study used nonprobability sampling with purposive sampling technique. Nonprobability sampling. This research is non-experimental (ex post facto) that consists of two groups: a control group and experimental group consisted of 30 people. Researchers use two scales,husbands support scale and the scale of anxiety in the third trimester pregnant women. Data obtained in this research is processed with independent samples t-test to see the effect of the husband to support his wife who experience anxiety in the third trimester of pregnancy. Analysis Independent samples t-test produces sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000 (p <0,05). Results of this study indicate that there are significant influence between husband’s support  against wives who experience anxiety in the third trimester of pregnancy. The group of pregnant women who do not live with her husband has a high-anxiety category. Meanwhile, the group of third-trimester pregnant women living with their husbands has low-medium anxiety category. Keyword        : Husband Support, Anxiety, Pregnancy Third Trimester


Author(s):  
Р. О. Бачинський ◽  
Я. О. Бачинська

The article describes the results of experimental studies aimed at investigating toxic effects of methyl tertbutyl ether [MTBE] and nitrobenzene [NB] according to the criteria of changes in the immune system status of laboratory animals in conditions of cold stress and in conditions of temperature optimum. The research was carried out in the conditions of a subacute experiment (during one month of experiment) on laboratory animals (adult WAG male rats). The NB or MTBE were injected into the stomach at a dosage 1/10 LD50 (70 mg/kg of NB and 500 mg/kg MTBE) thirty times, the experimental animals were kept in two different temperature conditions during four hours five times per week. The animals were divided into 4 groups, six animals in each group. The animals of the first group were subjected to NB or MTBE at an air temperature of 252C (normal ambient temperature). The animals of the second group served as a control group for the first one. The animals of the third group were subjected to NB or MTBE in combination with the lowered air temperature of 4±2℃. The animals of the fourth group were only subjected to the effect of the reduced temperature of 4±20℃, that is, they were a control group for the ones of the third group. The analysis of the results of the experimental data about the features of the immunotoxic action of NB and MTBE under conditions of cold stress indicates the tension of the immune system of the laboratory animals, which is manifested by progressive lymphopenia and a decrease in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils in absorption of foreign agents, especially in the end-period. The immunotoxic effect of NB and MTBE under conditions of temperature optimum indicates a temporary immune system tension, namely leukocytosis and leukopenia at the stage only after 5 and 15 priming. At the end of the priming period, shifts in the immune system's performance under the effect of NB and MTBE under temperature optimum conditions were not observed, which may indicate a positive adaptability of laboratory animals to the action of chemical factors (NB and MTBE) under such temperature conditions. The combined effect of NB and MTBE on the body at the level of their effective concentrations and low temperature causes a detrimental effect on the adaptability of the body. Thus, these chemical compounds at the stage of physiological adaptation, that is before the formation of the pathological process, complicate the formation of specific and nonspecific reactions responsible for the adaptation of the organism to the effect of another factor in the production or environment – a low air temperature. The latter, in turn, creates an additional load on biochemical detoxification systems, leads to their imbalance and changes in the rate of biotransformation of the chemical agent and the speed of development of the toxic process.


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