scholarly journals Brain Lateralization and Cognitive Capacity

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1996
Author(s):  
Lesley J. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Brain

One way to increase cognitive capacity is to avoid duplication of functions on the left and right sides of the brain. There is a convincing body of evidence showing that such asymmetry, or lateralization, occurs in a wide range of both vertebrate and invertebrate species. Each hemisphere of the brain can attend to different types of stimuli or to different aspects of the same stimulus and each hemisphere analyses information using different neural processes. A brain can engage in more than one task at the same time, as in monitoring for predators (right hemisphere) while searching for food (left hemisphere). Increased cognitive capacity is achieved if individuals are lateralized in one direction or the other. The advantages and disadvantages of individual lateralization are discussed. This paper argues that directional, or population-level, lateralization, which occurs when most individuals in a species have the same direction of lateralization, provides no additional increase in cognitive capacity compared to individual lateralization although directional lateralization is advantageous in social interactions. Strength of lateralization is considered, including the disadvantage of being very strongly lateralized. The role of brain commissures is also discussed with consideration of cognitive capacity.

survival with an asymmetrical brain: advantages and disadvantages of cerebral lateralization

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
giorgio vallortigara ◽  
lesley j. rogers
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionarily Stable Strategy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Cerebral Lateralization ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Visual Hemifield ◽  
Directional Asymmetries ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
The Brain

recent evidence in natural and semi-natural settings has revealed a variety of left-right perceptual asymmetries among vertebrates. these include preferential use of the left or right visual hemifield during activities such as searching for food, agonistic responses, or escape from predators in animals as different as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. there are obvious disadvantages in showing such directional asymmetries because relevant stimuli may be located to the animal's left or right at random; there is no a priori association between the meaning of a stimulus (e.g., its being a predator or a food item) and its being located to the animal's left or right. moreover, other organisms (e.g., predators) could exploit the predictability of behavior that arises from population-level lateral biases. it might be argued that lateralization of function enhances cognitive capacity and efficiency of the brain, thus counteracting the ecological disadvantages of lateral biases in behavior. however, such an increase in brain efficiency could be obtained by each individual being lateralized without any need to align the direction of the asymmetry in the majority of the individuals of the population. here we argue that the alignment of the direction of behavioral asymmetries at the population level arises as an “evolutionarily stable strategy” under “social” pressures occurring when individually asymmetrical organisms must coordinate their behavior with the behavior of other asymmetrical organisms of the same or different species.

Advantages and risks of crowdfunding as a model of financing startups and community development projects

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-98
Author(s):  
Vitalii RYSIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
System Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Capital Access

Crowdfunding as a tool for alternative financing has emerged relatively recently and is of limited use in Ukraine today. At the same time, it has significant potential, which can contribute to the implementation of a wide range of projects that for various reasons are not of interest to traditional lenders or investors. The aim of the article is to determine the benefits of crowdfunding for its participants, the peculiarities of the implementation of certain types of crowdfunding and identify risks that may be generated by them, as well as develop practical recommendations for crowdfunding campaigns by entrepreneurs and authors of community development projects. The article identifies the benefits of crowdfunding for project authors (low cost of capital, access to information and potential investors) and investors (clarity, low risks, access to new products, the ability to support creative ideas), substantiates the role of crowdfunding platforms in realizing the benefits of crowdfunding. The advantages and disadvantages of using certain types of crowdfunding are described. Recommendations for planning and implementation of the main stages of crowdfunding campaigns - idea development, target audience determination, research, communication, project budgeting, reward system development, campaign schedule development – are developed. The factors of choosing a crowdfunding platform for hosting the project are determined. The possibility of using crowdfunding for collective financing of socio-cultural projects within the public budgets of the united territorial communities is shown. The risks of using crowdfunding for project authors and potential investors are identified. Those risks are primarily related to realistic expectations and proper preparation for the fundraising campaign by project authors, as well as the lack of guarantees for investors in the event of problems or bankruptcy of the crowdfunding platform. The author highlights that the growth of public awareness about the possibilities of implementing social or business initiatives through crowdfunding platforms will contribute to the development of platforms, improvement of technological equipment, and expansion of their range of services.

forming an asymmetrical brain: genes, environment, and evolutionarily stable strategies

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
giorgio vallortigara ◽  
lesley j. rogers
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionarily Stable Strategy ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable Strategies ◽  
Evolutionary Account ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Present Response ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable

the present response elaborates and defends the main theses advanced in the target article: namely, that in order to provide an evolutionary account of brain lateralization, we should consider advantages and disadvantages associated both with the individual possession of an asymmetrical brain and with the alignment of the direction of lateralization at the population level. we explain why we believe that the hypothesis that directional lateralization evolved as an evolutionarily stable strategy may provide a better account than alternative hypotheses. we also further our discussion of the influence of stimulation and experience in early life on lateralization, and thereby show that our hypothesis is not deterministic. we also consider some novel data and ideas in support of our main thesis.

The Correlation Between Ischemic Stroke and Thrombosis by Nanoscale Biomarker Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 676-684
Author(s):  
Guoqing Wang ◽  
Xiangpeng Shen ◽  
Qiangyuan Tian ◽  
Thangavel Lakshmipriya ◽  
Subash C.B. Gopinath
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Clotting Factor ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Brain Artery ◽  
The Brain

Ischemic stroke, which is the fifth leading cause of death, is an attack in the brain due to blockage of a brain artery. It occurs when a sudden loss of blood flow to the brain leads to a reduction in the oxygen supply. A wide range of reasons have been found for ischemic stroke, including high blood pressure and associated thrombosis. Suitable biomarker analysis followed by proper treatment helps to prevent ischemic stroke. An aptamer is an artificial antibody generated against various clinical biomarkers from a smaller molecule of a whole cell. Recently, several researchers conducted biomarker analysis for ischemic stroke using aptamers. Furthermore, factor IX, which is a blood clotting factor, is highly correlated with thrombosis and plays a role in ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarized the potential role of aptamers in ischemic stroke by nanoscale analysis, and factor IX was the distinct focus of this review.

scholarly journals Prenatal Visual Exposure to a Predator Influences Lateralization in Goldbelly Topminnows

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1257
Author(s):  
Marco Dadda ◽  
Veronica Vendramin ◽  
Christian Agrillo
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Visual Exposure ◽  
Motor Tests ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Open Question ◽  
The Brain

The role of genetic and environmental factors in modulating the development of brain lateralization is far from being fully understood, and the presence of individual differences in several lateralized functions is still an open question. In goldbelly topminnows, the genetic basis of asymmetrical functions in the brain has been studied, and recently it has been found that light stimulation influences the expression of lateralization of newborns. Here, we investigated whether prenatal exposure to predators affects the development of lateralization in 10-day-old topminnows born from females exposed to a real or to a simulated predator during pregnancy. Offspring from females exposed to a real predator were lateralized in both visual and motor tests, whereas fish from females exposed to a simulated predator were not and did not differ from controls. Prenatal exposure to a real predator might promote the alignment of lateralization in the same direction in different individuals.

scholarly journals Filamin A: key actor in platelet biology

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (16) ◽  
pp. 1279-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Rosa ◽  
Hana Raslova ◽  
Marijke Bryckaert
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Scaffold Proteins ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Filamin A ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Filamins are scaffold proteins for signaling proteins and adhesion molecules, and mutations in filamin A (FLNa) cause a wide range of defects in the brain, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, and skeleton, as well as in megakaryocytes. Rosa and colleagues review the important role of FLNa in platelet development and its critical importance to proplatelet production by megakaryocytes.

Review Lecture: Neural mechanisms of learning: an analysis of imprinting in the domestic chick

1981 ◽  
Vol 213 (1191) ◽  
pp. 101-137 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Chick ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Bilateral Destruction ◽  
The Brain

Learning is a complex set of processes involving the acquisition and storage of information. Imprinting in the domestic chick was studied to analyse the neural basis of storage. The recently hatched chick learns the characteristics of a visually conspicuous object by being exposed to it. When a chick is trained in this way, biochemical changes can be detected in the dorsal part of the forebrain. Through a series of experiments it was shown that these changes are unlikely to be non-specific consequences of training, but more probably reflect some aspect of the storage process. By using a radioautographic technique to localize the brain region more precisely, part of the hyperstriatum ventrale was implicated in this process. Bilateral destruction of the region before imprinting prevented acquisition, and bilateral destruction after imprinting impaired retention. After exposure for 140 min to an imprinting stimulus there was an increase in the area of contact between presynaptic and postsynaptic elements in the region. This effect was found on the left side only. Sequential lesions to left and right sides confirmed that there is a hemispheric asymmetry in the role of the region in the storage of information. The area receives input from the visual pathways and possibly from other sensory pathways, and projects to regions that are thought to be involved in the control of locomotor and viscero-endocrine functions. The results afford an opportunity for the further analysis both of storage and of the whole set of neural processes that underlie imprinting in the domestic chick.

scholarly journals The role of neurotransmitter systems separate the hemispheres of the brain in action the new antiepileptic compounds AGB-31

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Oleg Aleksandrovich Yarosh
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Compound AGB-31, a monocarbamate derivative, is shown to possess a high antiepileptic activity. The mechanisms of antiepileptic action are connected with significant increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in the left hemisphere of the brain, with trend of the glutamate content decrease in the left hemisphere and the tendency to increase GABA in both hemispheres. AGB-31 significantly (more than 3-fold) increases syntase nitric oxide activity in the left hemisphere and has a tendency to reduce the NO content in both hemispheres. AGB-31 significantly (by 63.4%), reduced glutathione peroxydase activity in the right hemisphere without changing it in the left, with a tendency to increase the activity of glutathione reductase in both hemispheres.

scholarly journals Damage to the right insula disrupts the perception of affective touch

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise P Kirsch ◽  
Sahba Besharati ◽  
Christina Papadaki ◽  
Laura Crucianelli ◽  
Sara Bertagnoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Affective Touch ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Touch Perception ◽  
Posterior Insula ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tactile System ◽  
The Brain

Specific, peripheral C-tactile afferents contribute to the perception of tactile pleasure, but the brain areas involved in their processing remain debated. We report the first human lesion study on the perception of C-tactile touch in right hemisphere stroke patients (N = 59), revealing that right posterior and anterior insula lesions reduce tactile, contralateral and ipsilateral pleasantness sensitivity, respectively. These findings corroborate previous imaging studies regarding the role of the posterior insula in the perception of affective touch. However, our findings about the crucial role of the anterior insula for ipsilateral affective touch perception open new avenues of enquiry regarding the cortical organization of this tactile system.

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