scholarly journals An Overview on the Potential Hazards of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Fish, with Special Emphasis on Cypermethrin Toxicity

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1880
Author(s):  
Mayada R. Farag ◽  
Mahmoud Alagawany ◽  
Rana M. Bilal ◽  
Ahmed G. A. Gewida ◽  
Kuldeep Dhama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Aquatic Weeds ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Great Public Health

Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests, such as aquatic weeds, insects, aquatic snails, and plant diseases. They are extensively used in forestry, agriculture, veterinary practices, and of great public health importance. Pesticides can be categorized according to their use into three major types (namely insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides). Water contamination by pesticides is known to induce harmful impacts on the production, reproduction, and survivability of living aquatic organisms, such as algae, aquatic plants, and fish (shellfish and finfish species). The literature and information present in this review article facilitate evaluating the toxic effects from exposure to various fish species to different concentrations of pesticides. Moreover, a brief overview of sources, classification, mechanisms of action, and toxicity signs of pyrethroid insecticides in several fish species will be illustrated with special emphasis on Cypermethrin toxicity.

scholarly journals Mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance in populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula X. Pareja-Loaiza ◽  
Liliana Santacoloma Varon ◽  
Gabriela Rey Vega ◽  
Doris Gómez-Camargo ◽  
Ronald Maestre-Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Caribbean Coast ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Great Public Health

AbstractAedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, which are of great public health importance in Colombia. Aedes control strategies in Colombia rely heavily on the use of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, providing constant selection pressure and the emergence of resistant populations. In recent years, insecticide use has increased due to the increased incidence of dengue and recent introductions of chikungunya and Zika. In the present study, pyrethroid resistance was studied across six populations of A. aegypti from the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Susceptibility to λ-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin was assessed, and resistance intensity was determined. Activity levels of enzymes associated with resistance were measured, and the frequencies of three kdr alleles (V1016I, F1534C, V410L) were calculated. Results showed variations in pyrethroid susceptibility across A. aegypti populations and altered enzyme activity levels were detected. The kdr alleles were detected in all populations, with high variations in frequencies: V1016I (frequency ranging from 0.15–0.70), F1534C (range 0.94–1.00), and V410L (range 0.05–0.72). In assays of phenotyped individuals, associations were observed between the presence of V1016I, F1534C, and V410L alleles and resistance to the evaluated pyrethroids, as well as between the VI1016/CC1534/VL410 tri-locus genotype and λ-cyhalothrin and permethrin resistance. The results of the present study contribute to the knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the resistance to key pyrethroids used to control A. aegypti along the Caribbean coast of Colombia.

scholarly journals Farmakologija protiepileptičnih zdravil v obdobju novorojenčka in dojenčka

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Esih ◽  
Petja Fister ◽  
Zvonka Rener-Primec
Keyword(s):  
Drug Response ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Dosing Regimen ◽  
New Science ◽  
Developmental Characteristics

Te aim of this review article is to elucidate the profound effect of developmental characteristics of newborns and infants on the dosing regimen of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). AEDs have different mechanisms of action that can broadly be grouped in three categories. Te pharmacokinetics of AEDs are largely affected by developmental changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Te cytochrome P450 enzymes represent an important component of the drug metabolism and vary widely with the child’s development and genetics. In the light of this, an important path is paved by a new science–pharmacogenetics, the study of drug response in relation to specifc genes, which is becoming increasingly important in adjusting the drug dosage. Some recommendations regarding the genetic profle have already been approved but are not yet implemented into daily clinical practice. Considering both, the developmental changes and AED characteristics, an optimal dosage with minimal adverse effects may be achieved.

scholarly journals Analysis of Neural Activity of the Human Basal Ganglia in Dystonia: a Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Ondřej Klempíř ◽  
Radim Krupička
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Spike Train Data ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus is an efective symptomatic treatment for pharmacoresistant dystonic syndromes, where pathophysiological mechanisms of action are not yet fully understood. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art approaches for processing of microelectrode recordings in dystonia; in order to define biomarkers to identify patients who will benefit from the clinical deep brain stimulation. For this purpose, the essential elements of microelectrode processing are examined. Next, we investigate a real example of spike sorting processing in this field. Herein, we describe baseline elements of microrecordings processing including data collection, preprocessing phase, features computation, spike detection and sorting and finally, advanced spike train data analysis. This study will help readers acquire the necessary information about these elements and their associated techniques. Thus, this study is supposed to assist during identification and proposal of interesting clinical hypotheses in the field of single unit neuronal recordings in dystonia.

The Swine Flu Immunization Program: Scientific Venture or Political Folly?

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril H. Wecht
Keyword(s):  
Swine Flu ◽  
Allegheny County ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
The Public ◽  
Kennedy Assassination ◽  
Commission Report ◽  
Human Costs ◽  
Political Value ◽  
Great Public Health

AbstractThe author of this Article, an internationally recognized coroner perhaps best known among laymen for his incisive and tenacious criticism of the Warren Commission report on the Kennedy assassination, turns his attention to the federal government's 1976-1977 Swine Flu Immunization Program. Dr. Wecht contends that although this program may have been viewed by its key proponents as having great public health importance, or perhaps even political value, its creation and continuation nevertheless were scientifically unjustified. Furthermore, he contends, the federal government failed to inform the public adequately of important facts about the program's origins and progress, and it mismanaged the program in several important respects. Among the topics he discusses are swine flu's epidemiological history (including the 1976 Fort Dix outbreak that propelled swine flu into the national consciousness); the key elements leading to the government's decision to immunize; the government's failure to reevaluate the program seriously as problems arose; the shortcomings of the federal swine flu statute; the inadequacy of the government's investigation of the deaths of three persons in Pittsburgh within a few hours after being vaccinated (a matter that was of immediate concern to the author in his role as Coroner of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania); the long-delayed termination of the program following the emergence of a possible statistical link between the immunizations and an increase in the incidence of the Guillain-Barré Syndrome; the financial and human costs of the program; and the need for calmer, more objective decision making in future situations where immunization of the general populace is being considered.

scholarly journals Modeling the Distribution of Medically Important Tick Species in Florida

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Kessler ◽  
Claudia Ganser ◽  
Gregory E. Glass
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Dermacentor Variabilis ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Great Public Health

The lone star (Amblyomma americanum), black-legged (Ixodes scapularis) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) are species of great public health importance as they are competent vectors of several notable pathogens. While the regional distributions of these species are well characterized, more localized distribution estimates are sparse. We used records of field collected ticks and an ensemble modeling approach to predict habitat suitability for each of these species in Florida. Environmental variables capturing climatic extremes were common contributors to habitat suitability. Most frequently, annual precipitation (Bio12), mean temperature of the driest quarter (Bio9), minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were included in the final models for each species. Agreement between the modeling algorithms used in this study was high and indicated the distribution of suitable habitat for all three species was reduced at lower latitudes. These findings are important for raising awareness of the potential for tick-borne pathogens in Florida.

scholarly journals A statistical and spatial analysis of chemical contaminants in Cocos Lagoon, Guam

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Char'Mane Robinson ◽  
Andrew Mason
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Cocos Island

Cocos Lagoon is located on the southwestern end of the coast of Guam, and contains extensive coral reefs and an array of fish species. Within the Lagoon is a former US Coast Guard LORAN station on Cocos Island. Hazardous materials appear to have been disposed of on land and in near shore waters during the operation of the LORAN station, between the years of 1944 and 1963, exposing surrounding waters, sediment, fish species and humans to these materials. As part of a project to quantify chemical contaminants in Cocos Lagoon, and to address local and agency human health concerns, approximately 190 chemical contaminants were analyzed in sediments from 25 sites, along with 27 fish tissue samples from 16 sites. Higher levels of chemical contaminants were found in fish tissues collected from around Cocos Island, the site of the former LORAN station. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), for example, were above an EPA recreational fishers’ screening value (SV) in some fish species from around Cocos Island, indicating risk to humans consuming fish from this area. PCBs at high concentrations are known to cause negative effects on resident marine aquatic organisms and human health concerns include cancer. Characterizing contaminant impacts to aquatic marine organisms and possible human health results from this project will provide resource managers with key information needed to make effective decisions for the health of Cocos Lagoon and also gauge the efficacy of restoration activities. The results show high levels of PCBs in the fish species from Coco Lagoon. This indicates that there is a high risk of adverse health effects such as cancer if consumed by humans.

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